diff --git a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/board.rs b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/board.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ce59bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/board.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+pub const RAM_BASE: usize = 0x80000000;
+pub const RAM_SIZE: usize = 128 * 1024 * 1024;
+pub const UART_BASE: usize = 0x10000000;
+pub const PLIC_BASE: usize = 0x0C000000;
+pub const CLINT_BASE: usize = 0x02000000;
+pub const USER_POOL_BASE: usize = 0x84000000;
+pub const USER_POOL_PAGES: usize = 256;
+pub const TICK_INTERVAL: u64 = 10_000_000;
diff --git a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/mod.rs b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88a95ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod plic;
+pub mod timer;
+pub mod uart;
diff --git a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/plic.rs b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/plic.rs
similarity index 77%
rename from crates/adapter-riscv/src/plic.rs
rename to crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/plic.rs
index 4620b93..308d115 100644
--- a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/plic.rs
+++ b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/plic.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-const PLIC_BASE: usize = 0x0C000000;
-const PLIC_PRIORITY: usize = PLIC_BASE;
-const PLIC_S_ENABLE: usize = PLIC_BASE + 0x2080; // S-mode hart 0 context = 1
-const PLIC_S_THRESHOLD: usize = PLIC_BASE + 0x201000;
-const PLIC_S_CLAIM: usize = PLIC_BASE + 0x201004;
+use crate::board;
+
+const PLIC_PRIORITY: usize = board::PLIC_BASE;
+const PLIC_S_ENABLE: usize = board::PLIC_BASE + 0x2080;
+const PLIC_S_THRESHOLD: usize = board::PLIC_BASE + 0x201000;
+const PLIC_S_CLAIM: usize = board::PLIC_BASE + 0x201004;
 
 pub struct Plic;
 
 impl Plic {
     pub fn init() {
-        // set threshold to 0 (accept all priorities)
         unsafe { core::ptr::write_volatile(PLIC_S_THRESHOLD as *mut u32, 0) };
     }
 
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ impl Plic {
             let current = core::ptr::read_volatile(addr as *const u32);
             core::ptr::write_volatile(addr as *mut u32, current | (1 << bit));
         }
-        // set priority > 0
         let prio_addr = PLIC_PRIORITY + (irq as usize) * 4;
         unsafe { core::ptr::write_volatile(prio_addr as *mut u32, 1) };
     }
diff --git a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/timer.rs b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/timer.rs
similarity index 56%
rename from crates/adapter-riscv/src/timer.rs
rename to crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/timer.rs
index 0c3f856..7726e71 100644
--- a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/timer.rs
+++ b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/timer.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-const TICK_INTERVAL: u64 = 10_000_000; // 1 second at 10MHz
+use crate::board;
 
 pub fn read_time() -> u64 {
     let time: u64;
@@ -12,21 +12,21 @@ fn sbi_set_timer(stime: u64) {
             "ecall",
             in("a0") stime,
             in("a6") 0usize,
-            in("a7") 0x54494D45usize, // SBI Timer extension ID
+            in("a7") 0x54494D45usize,
         );
     }
 }
 
-pub fn init_timer() {
+pub fn init() {
     let now = read_time();
-    sbi_set_timer(now + TICK_INTERVAL);
+    sbi_set_timer(now + board::TICK_INTERVAL);
 }
 
-pub fn set_next_timer(deadline: u64) {
+pub fn set_next(deadline: u64) {
     sbi_set_timer(deadline);
 }
 
-pub fn handle_timer_interrupt() {
+pub fn handle_interrupt() {
     let now = read_time();
-    sbi_set_timer(now + TICK_INTERVAL);
+    sbi_set_timer(now + board::TICK_INTERVAL);
 }
diff --git a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/uart.rs b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/uart.rs
similarity index 94%
rename from crates/adapter-riscv/src/uart.rs
rename to crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/uart.rs
index 6b6e55d..9735968 100644
--- a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/uart.rs
+++ b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/hw/uart.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-const UART_BASE: usize = 0x10000000;
+use crate::board;
 
 pub struct Uart {
     base: usize,
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ pub struct Uart {
 
 impl Uart {
     pub fn new() -> Self {
-        Self { base: UART_BASE }
+        Self { base: board::UART_BASE }
     }
 
     pub fn put_char(&self, byte: u8) {
diff --git a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/main.rs b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/main.rs
index 115dc4b..97e31e8 100644
--- a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/main.rs
+++ b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/main.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 #![no_std]
 #![no_main]
 
-mod page_table;
+mod board;
+mod hw;
+mod mmu;
 mod platform;
-mod plic;
-mod timer;
 mod trap;
-mod uart;
 
 use core::arch::global_asm;
-use uart::Uart;
+use hw::uart::Uart;
 
 global_asm!(
     r#"
@@ -47,27 +46,24 @@ extern "C" fn kmain() -> ! {
     uart.write_str("k-os: booted on RISC-V\n");
 
     let heap_start = unsafe { &_heap_start as *const u8 as usize };
-    page_table::init_page_allocator(heap_start);
-    let kernel_pt = page_table::init_kernel_page_table();
-    page_table::activate(kernel_pt);
+    mmu::init_allocator(heap_start);
+    let kernel_pt = mmu::init_kernel_page_table();
+    mmu::activate(kernel_pt);
     uart.write_str("k-os: MMU enabled (Sv39)\n");
 
-    trap::init_trap();
-    timer::init_timer();
-    plic::Plic::init();
+    trap::init();
+    hw::timer::init();
+    hw::plic::Plic::init();
     uart.write_str("k-os: traps and timer initialized\n");
 
     let riscv_platform = platform::RiscVPlatform::new();
     let pool = domain::memory::page_pool::PagePool::new(
-        types::address::PhysicalAddress::from_raw(0x84000000),
-        256,
+        types::address::PhysicalAddress::from_raw(board::USER_POOL_BASE),
+        board::USER_POOL_PAGES,
     );
     let mut kern = kernel::Kernel::new(riscv_platform, pool);
     let (pid, tid) = kern
-        .boot(
-            types::bounded::Priority::new(16).unwrap_or_else(|| unreachable!()),
-            types::time::TimeSlice::new(100),
-        )
+        .boot(types::bounded::Priority::DEFAULT, types::time::TimeSlice::DEFAULT)
         .unwrap_or_else(|_| loop { unsafe { core::arch::asm!("wfi") }; });
 
     uart.write_str("k-os: kernel started (pid=");
@@ -100,8 +96,7 @@ fn ipc_demo(
 
     uart.write_str("k-os: --- IPC demo ---\n");
 
-    // Create process B using init's ProcessCreate cap (slot 0)
-    let proc_b_slot = match kern.handle_syscall(Syscall::CreateProcess {
+    let _proc_b_slot = match kern.handle_syscall(Syscall::CreateProcess {
         create_cap: CapSlot::new(0).unwrap_or_else(|| unreachable!()),
         image: DataRef::empty(),
     }) {
@@ -115,10 +110,8 @@ fn ipc_demo(
     let tid_b = ThreadId::from_raw(1);
     uart.write_str("k-os: process B created\n");
 
-    // Create an endpoint
     let ep_id = kern.create_endpoint().unwrap_or_else(|_| unreachable!());
 
-    // Grant endpoint caps to both processes
     let ep_cap_a = kern.grant_capability(
         init_pid,
         Resource::Endpoint(ep_id),
@@ -137,10 +130,8 @@ fn ipc_demo(
 
     uart.write_str("k-os: endpoint created, caps granted\n");
 
-    // Process B calls Receive (blocks — no sender yet)
     kern.switch_to_thread(tid_b);
-    let outcome = kern.handle_syscall(Syscall::Receive { endpoint: ep_cap_b });
-    match &outcome {
+    match kern.handle_syscall(Syscall::Receive { endpoint: ep_cap_b }) {
         SyscallOutcome::BlockCaller(_) => {
             uart.write_str("k-os: process B blocked on Receive\n");
         }
@@ -150,15 +141,13 @@ fn ipc_demo(
         }
     }
 
-    // Process A calls Send (finds B waiting → delivers message)
     let tid_a = ThreadId::from_raw(0);
     kern.switch_to_thread(tid_a);
     let msg = Message::from_words([42, 7, 0, 0]);
-    let outcome = kern.handle_syscall(Syscall::Send {
+    match kern.handle_syscall(Syscall::Send {
         endpoint: ep_cap_a,
         message: msg,
-    });
-    match &outcome {
+    }) {
         SyscallOutcome::SwitchTo(target) => {
             uart.write_str("k-os: Send delivered, switching to thread ");
             uart.write_dec(target.raw() as usize);
@@ -170,7 +159,6 @@ fn ipc_demo(
         }
     }
 
-    // Check B's pending result
     match kern.pending_result(tid_b) {
         Some(SyscallResult::Message(m)) => {
             uart.write_str("k-os: IPC complete — received: [");
diff --git a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/mmu/allocator.rs b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/mmu/allocator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e34b128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/mmu/allocator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use super::page_table::{PageTable, PAGE_SIZE};
+
+// Boot-time bump allocator for page tables.
+// Only used during init before the scheduler starts.
+static mut NEXT_FREE: usize = 0;
+
+pub fn init_allocator(start: usize) {
+    unsafe { NEXT_FREE = start; }
+}
+
+pub fn alloc_page_table() -> &'static mut PageTable {
+    unsafe {
+        let addr = NEXT_FREE;
+        NEXT_FREE += PAGE_SIZE;
+        let table = &mut *(addr as *mut PageTable);
+        table.zero();
+        table
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/mmu/mod.rs b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/mmu/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..866596a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/mmu/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+pub mod allocator;
+pub mod page_table;
+
+pub use allocator::init_allocator;
+pub use page_table::{activate, init_kernel_page_table, create_user_page_table, PageTable, PAGE_SIZE};
diff --git a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/page_table.rs b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/mmu/page_table.rs
similarity index 75%
rename from crates/adapter-riscv/src/page_table.rs
rename to crates/adapter-riscv/src/mmu/page_table.rs
index b48bf97..2a750ed 100644
--- a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/page_table.rs
+++ b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/mmu/page_table.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
+use crate::board;
+use super::allocator::alloc_page_table;
+
 pub const PAGE_SIZE: usize = 4096;
+
 const PTE_V: u64 = 1 << 0;
 const PTE_R: u64 = 1 << 1;
 const PTE_W: u64 = 1 << 2;
@@ -53,22 +57,6 @@ impl PageTable {
     }
 }
 
-static mut PAGE_ALLOC_NEXT: usize = 0;
-
-pub fn init_page_allocator(start: usize) {
-    unsafe { PAGE_ALLOC_NEXT = start; }
-}
-
-pub fn alloc_page_table() -> &'static mut PageTable {
-    unsafe {
-        let addr = PAGE_ALLOC_NEXT;
-        PAGE_ALLOC_NEXT += PAGE_SIZE;
-        let table = &mut *(addr as *mut PageTable);
-        table.zero();
-        table
-    }
-}
-
 fn vpn(va: usize, level: usize) -> usize {
     (va >> (12 + 9 * level)) & 0x1FF
 }
@@ -110,27 +98,23 @@ fn map_range(root: &mut PageTable, va_start: usize, pa_start: usize, pages: usiz
 pub fn init_kernel_page_table() -> &'static mut PageTable {
     let root = alloc_page_table();
 
-    let ram_start = 0x80000000usize;
-    let ram_pages = 128 * 1024 * 1024 / PAGE_SIZE; // 128 MiB
-    map_range(root, ram_start, ram_start, ram_pages, true, true, true, false, true);
+    let ram_pages = board::RAM_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE;
+    map_range(root, board::RAM_BASE, board::RAM_BASE, ram_pages, true, true, true, false, true);
 
-    let uart_start = 0x10000000usize;
-    map_range(root, uart_start, uart_start, 1, true, true, false, false, true);
+    map_range(root, board::UART_BASE, board::UART_BASE, 1, true, true, false, false, true);
 
-    let plic_start = 0x0C000000usize;
     let plic_pages = 0x400000 / PAGE_SIZE;
-    map_range(root, plic_start, plic_start, plic_pages, true, true, false, false, true);
+    map_range(root, board::PLIC_BASE, board::PLIC_BASE, plic_pages, true, true, false, false, true);
 
-    let clint_start = 0x02000000usize;
     let clint_pages = 0x10000 / PAGE_SIZE;
-    map_range(root, clint_start, clint_start, clint_pages, true, true, false, false, true);
+    map_range(root, board::CLINT_BASE, board::CLINT_BASE, clint_pages, true, true, false, false, true);
 
     root
 }
 
 pub fn activate(root: &PageTable) {
     let ppn = (root as *const PageTable as u64) >> 12;
-    let satp = (8u64 << 60) | ppn; // mode=8 (Sv39), ASID=0
+    let satp = (8u64 << 60) | ppn;
     unsafe {
         core::arch::asm!(
             "csrw satp, {0}",
@@ -148,18 +132,14 @@ pub fn create_user_page_table(
 ) -> &'static mut PageTable {
     let root = alloc_page_table();
 
-    // Copy kernel mappings (upper half — entries 256-511 cover high VA space)
-    // For identity mapping, copy all valid entries from kernel root
     for i in 0..512 {
         if kernel_root.entries[i].is_valid() {
             root.entries[i] = kernel_root.entries[i];
         }
     }
 
-    // Map user program pages
     map_range(root, user_va, program_pa, program_pages, true, false, true, true, false);
 
-    // Map user stack (1 page at user_va - PAGE_SIZE)
     let stack_va = user_va.wrapping_sub(PAGE_SIZE);
     let stack_table = alloc_page_table();
     let stack_pa = stack_table as *const PageTable as usize;
diff --git a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/platform.rs b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/platform.rs
index 9e03556..4b5b3fa 100644
--- a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/platform.rs
+++ b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/platform.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ use types::{
     time::{Ticks, TimerDuration},
 };
 
-use crate::plic::Plic;
-use crate::timer;
+use crate::board;
+use crate::hw::{plic::Plic, timer};
 
 pub struct RiscVPlatform {
     num_cores: u8,
@@ -23,22 +23,17 @@ impl RiscVPlatform {
 }
 
 impl Platform for RiscVPlatform {
-    fn configure_protection(&mut self, _process: ProcessId, _regions: &[MemoryRegion]) {
-        // page table activation happens separately per context switch
-    }
+    fn configure_protection(&mut self, _process: ProcessId, _regions: &[MemoryRegion]) {}
 
-    fn context_switch(&mut self, _from: &mut SavedContext, _to: &SavedContext) {
-        // context switch is handled by the trap vector assembly
-    }
+    fn context_switch(&mut self, _from: &mut SavedContext, _to: &SavedContext) {}
 
     fn enable_user_mode(&mut self, _entry: EntryPoint, _stack: StackPointer) -> ! {
-        // handled by setting up TrapFrame and sret in the main loop
         loop { unsafe { core::arch::asm!("wfi") }; }
     }
 
     fn set_timer(&mut self, _duration: TimerDuration) {
         let now = timer::read_time();
-        timer::set_next_timer(now + 10_000_000);
+        timer::set_next(now + board::TICK_INTERVAL);
     }
 
     fn current_ticks(&self) -> Ticks {
@@ -53,9 +48,7 @@ impl Platform for RiscVPlatform {
         Plic::enable(irq.raw() as u32);
     }
 
-    fn send_ipi(&mut self, _target: CoreId) {
-        // single core — no-op
-    }
+    fn send_ipi(&mut self, _target: CoreId) {}
 
     fn core_id(&self) -> CoreId {
         CoreId::from_raw(0)
@@ -72,6 +65,5 @@ impl Platform for RiscVPlatform {
         _size: PageCount,
         _permissions: PermissionSet,
     ) {
-        // page table mapping for shared memory — deferred to full MMU integration
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/trap.rs b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/trap/mod.rs
similarity index 81%
rename from crates/adapter-riscv/src/trap.rs
rename to crates/adapter-riscv/src/trap/mod.rs
index 849e9f6..eee9fcf 100644
--- a/crates/adapter-riscv/src/trap.rs
+++ b/crates/adapter-riscv/src/trap/mod.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use core::arch::global_asm;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 pub struct TrapFrame {
-    pub regs: [usize; 32], // x0-x31
+    pub regs: [usize; 32],
     pub sepc: usize,
     pub sstatus: usize,
 }
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ impl TrapFrame {
     }
 }
 
-// sscratch = 0 when in S-mode, = kernel_stack_top when in U-mode
+// sscratch = 0 when in S-mode, = kernel_stack_top when in U-mode.
 // On trap: swap sp/sscratch. If sp==0 after swap, we came from S-mode (undo swap).
 global_asm!(r#"
 .align 4
@@ -25,10 +25,8 @@ global_asm!(r#"
 trap_vector:
     csrrw sp, sscratch, sp
     bnez sp, _from_user
-    # came from S-mode: sscratch had 0, sp is now 0, old sp is in sscratch
-    csrrw sp, sscratch, sp    # undo: sp = old kernel sp, sscratch = 0
+    csrrw sp, sscratch, sp
 _from_user:
-    # sp is now a valid kernel stack (either kept or swapped in)
     addi sp, sp, -272
 
     sd x1,   8(sp)
@@ -62,7 +60,6 @@ _from_user:
     sd x30, 240(sp)
     sd x31, 248(sp)
 
-    # save user sp from sscratch (0 if from S-mode, user sp if from U-mode)
     csrr t0, sscratch
     sd t0, 16(sp)
 
@@ -79,12 +76,9 @@ _from_user:
     ld t0, 264(sp)
     csrw sstatus, t0
 
-    # check if returning to U-mode: sstatus.SPP (bit 8)
-    # if SPP=0 (user mode), restore sscratch with user sp
     andi t1, t0, 0x100
     bnez t1, _restore_smode
 
-    # returning to U-mode: put user sp in sscratch
     ld t0, 16(sp)
     csrw sscratch, t0
 
@@ -122,11 +116,10 @@ _restore_smode:
 
     addi sp, sp, 272
 
-    # if returning to U-mode, swap sp/sscratch to restore user sp
     csrr t0, sstatus
     andi t0, t0, 0x100
     bnez t0, _sret_smode
-    csrrw sp, sscratch, sp  # sp = user sp, sscratch = kernel sp (for next trap)
+    csrrw sp, sscratch, sp
 _sret_smode:
     sret
 "#);
@@ -136,21 +129,15 @@ const CAUSE_S_TIMER: usize = 5;
 const CAUSE_S_EXTERNAL: usize = 9;
 const CAUSE_ECALL_U: usize = 8;
 
-pub fn init_trap() {
+pub fn init() {
     unsafe extern "C" {
         fn trap_vector();
     }
     unsafe {
         let addr = trap_vector as usize;
         core::arch::asm!("csrw stvec, {0}", in(reg) addr);
-
-        // sscratch = 0 means "currently in S-mode"
         core::arch::asm!("csrw sscratch, zero");
-
-        // enable supervisor interrupts
         core::arch::asm!("csrs sstatus, {0}", in(reg) 1usize << 1);
-
-        // enable timer + external + software interrupts in sie
         let sie_bits = (1usize << 5) | (1usize << 9) | (1usize << 1);
         core::arch::asm!("csrs sie, {0}", in(reg) sie_bits);
     }
@@ -167,13 +154,13 @@ extern "C" fn trap_handler_rust(frame: &mut TrapFrame) {
     let scause: usize;
     unsafe { core::arch::asm!("csrr {0}, scause", out(reg) scause) };
 
-    let uart = crate::uart::Uart::new();
+    let uart = crate::hw::uart::Uart::new();
 
     if scause & CAUSE_INTERRUPT_BIT != 0 {
         let cause = scause & !CAUSE_INTERRUPT_BIT;
         match cause {
             CAUSE_S_TIMER => {
-                crate::timer::handle_timer_interrupt();
+                crate::hw::timer::handle_interrupt();
             }
             CAUSE_S_EXTERNAL => {
                 uart.write_str("[EXT]");
diff --git a/crates/types/src/bounded.rs b/crates/types/src/bounded.rs
index a6fbbef..0c9635f 100644
--- a/crates/types/src/bounded.rs
+++ b/crates/types/src/bounded.rs
@@ -3,3 +3,8 @@ use crate::macros::bounded;
 bounded!(CapSlot, u8, 0, 63);
 bounded!(Priority, u8, 0, 31);
 bounded!(PageCount, u16, 1, 1024);
+
+impl Priority {
+    pub const DEFAULT: Self = Self(16);
+}
+
diff --git a/crates/types/src/time.rs b/crates/types/src/time.rs
index 32dbdad..7b5ea7c 100644
--- a/crates/types/src/time.rs
+++ b/crates/types/src/time.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,11 @@ pub struct TimeSlice {
 }
 
 impl TimeSlice {
+    pub const DEFAULT: Self = Self {
+        remaining: 100,
+        quantum: 100,
+    };
+
     pub fn new(quantum: u32) -> Self {
         Self {
             remaining: quantum,