feat: add environment configuration for database and authentication, update router setup

- Added a new router for handling well-known endpoints, specifically WebFinger.
- Implemented the `webfinger` function to respond to WebFinger queries.
- Created a new route for WebFinger in the router.
- Refactored user retrieval logic to support both user ID and username in a single endpoint.
- Updated user router to use the new `get_user_by_param` function.
- Added tests for WebFinger discovery and ActivityPub user actor endpoint.
- Updated dependencies in Cargo.toml files to include necessary libraries.

.env.example

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+POSTGRES_USER=thoughts_user
+POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres
+POSTGRES_DB=thoughts_db

.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 backend-codebase.txt
 frontend-codebase.txt
+.env

thoughts-backend/.dockerignore

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Ignore build artifacts
+target/
+# Ignore git directory
+.git/
+# Ignore local environment files
+.env

thoughts-backend/.env

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+HOST=0.0.0.0
+PORT=8000
+#DATABASE_URL="sqlite://dev.db"
+DATABASE_URL="postgresql://postgres:postgres@localhost/thoughts"
+#DATABASE_URL=postgres://thoughts_user:postgres@database:5432/thoughts_db
+PREFORK=0
+AUTH_SECRET=your_secret_key_here

thoughts-backend/.env.example

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+HOST=0.0.0.0
+PORT=3000
+DATABASE_URL="sqlite://dev.db"
+# DATABASE_URL="postgresql://postgres:postgres@localhost/clean-axum"
+PREFORK=1
+AUTH_SECRET=your_secret_key_here
+BASE_URL=http://localhost:3000

thoughts-backend/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/target
+.env

thoughts-backend/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+[package]
+name = "thoughts-backend"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+# docs
+authors = ["Gabriel Kaszewski <gabrielkaszewski@gmail.com>"]
+description = "Thoughts backend"
+license = "MIT"
+readme = "README.md"
+
+[workspace]
+members = ["api", "app", "doc", "models", "migration", "utils"]
+
+[workspace.dependencies]
+tower = { version = "0.5.2", default-features = false }
+axum = { version = "0.8.4", default-features = false }
+sea-orm = { version = "1.1.12" }
+sea-query = { version = "0.32.6" }                              # Added sea-query dependency
+serde = { version = "1.0.219", features = ["derive"] }
+serde_json = { version = "1.0.140", features = ["raw_value"] }
+tracing = "0.1.41"
+utoipa = { version = "5.4.0", features = ["macros", "chrono"] }
+validator = { version = "0.20.0", default-features = false }
+chrono = { version = "0.4.41", features = ["serde"] }
+
+[dependencies]
+api = { path = "api" }
+utils = { path = "utils" }
+doc = { path = "doc" }
+
+sea-orm = { workspace = true }
+
+# logging
+tracing = { workspace = true }
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3.19", features = ["env-filter"] }
+
+# runtime
+axum = { workspace = true, features = ["tokio", "http1", "http2"] }
+tokio = { version = "1.45.1", features = ["full"] }
+prefork = { version = "0.6.0", default-features = false, optional = true }
+
+# shuttle runtime
+shuttle-axum = { version = "0.55.0", optional = true }
+shuttle-runtime = { version = "0.55.0", optional = true }
+shuttle-shared-db = { version = "0.55.0", features = [
+    "postgres",
+], optional = true }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+app = { path = "app" }
+models = { path = "models" }
+
+http-body-util = "0.1.3"
+serde_json = { workspace = true }
+
+[features]
+default = ["prefork"]
+prefork = ["prefork/tokio"]
+shuttle = ["shuttle-axum", "shuttle-runtime", "shuttle-shared-db"]

thoughts-backend/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+FROM rust:1.89-slim AS builder
+RUN cargo install cargo-chef --locked
+WORKDIR /app
+
+COPY Cargo.toml Cargo.lock ./
+COPY api/Cargo.toml ./api/
+COPY app/Cargo.toml ./app/
+COPY doc/Cargo.toml ./doc/
+COPY migration/Cargo.toml ./migration/
+COPY models/Cargo.toml ./models/
+COPY utils/Cargo.toml ./utils/
+
+RUN mkdir -p src && echo "fn main() {}" > src/main.rs
+
+RUN cargo chef prepare --recipe-path recipe.json
+
+RUN cargo chef cook --release --recipe-path recipe.json
+
+COPY . .
+
+RUN cargo build --release --bin thoughts-backend
+
+FROM debian:13-slim AS runtime
+
+RUN groupadd --system --gid 1001 appgroup && \
+    useradd --system --uid 1001 --gid appgroup appuser
+
+WORKDIR /app
+
+COPY --from=builder /app/target/release/thoughts-backend .
+
+COPY .env.example .env
+
+RUN chown -R appuser:appgroup /app
+
+USER appuser
+
+EXPOSE 8000
+
+CMD ["./thoughts-backend"]

thoughts-backend/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2024 Weiliang Li
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

thoughts-backend/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+# clean-axum
+
+Axum scaffold with clean architecture.
+
+You probably don't need [Rust on Rails](https://github.com/loco-rs/loco).
+
+Refer to [this post](https://kigawas.me/posts/rustacean-clean-architecture-approach/) for rationale and background.
+
+## Features
+
+- [Axum](https://github.com/tokio-rs/axum) framework
+- [SeaORM](https://github.com/SeaQL/sea-orm) domain models
+- Completely separated API routers and DB-related logic (named "persistence" layer)
+- Completely separated input parameters, queries and output schemas
+- OpenAPI documentation ([Swagger UI](https://clean-axum.shuttleapp.rs/docs) and [Scalar](https://clean-axum.shuttleapp.rs/scalar)) powered by [Utoipa](https://github.com/juhaku/utoipa)
+- Error handling with [Anyhow](https://github.com/dtolnay/anyhow)
+- Custom parameter validation with [validator](https://github.com/Keats/validator)
+- Optional [Shuttle](https://www.shuttle.rs/) runtime
+- Optional [prefork](https://docs.rs/prefork/latest/prefork/) workers for maximizing performance on Linux
+
+## Module hierarchy
+
+### API logic
+
+- `api::routers`: Axum endpoints
+- `api::error`: Models and traits for error handling
+- `api::extractor` Custom Axum extractors
+  - `api::extractor::json`: `Json` for bodies and responses
+  - `api::extractor::valid`: `Valid` for JSON body validation
+- `api::validation`: JSON validation model based on `validator`
+- `api::models`: Non domain model API models
+  - `api::models::response`: JSON error response
+
+### OpenAPI documentation
+
+- `doc`: Utoipa doc declaration
+
+### API-agonistic application logic
+
+Main concept: Web framework is replaceable.
+
+All modules here should not include any specific API web framework logic.
+
+- `app::persistence`: DB manipulation (CRUD) functions
+- `app::config`: DB or API server configuration
+- `app::state`: APP state, e.g. DB connection
+- `app::error`: APP errors used by `api::error`. e.g. "User not found"
+
+### DB/API-agnostic domain models
+
+Main concept: Database (Sqlite/MySQL/PostgreSQL) is replaceable.
+
+Except `models::domains` and `migration`, all modules are ORM library agnostic.
+
+- `models::domains`: SeaORM domain models
+- `models::params`: Serde input parameters for creating/updating domain models in DB
+- `models::schemas`: Serde output schemas for combining different domain models
+- `models::queries`: Serde queries for filtering domain models
+- `migration`: SeaORM migration files
+
+### Unit and integration tests
+
+- `tests::api`: API integration tests. Hierarchy is the same as `api::routers`
+- `tests::app::persistence`: DB/ORM-related unit tests. Hierarchy is the same as `app::persistence`
+
+### Others
+
+- `utils`: Utility functions
+- `main`: Tokio and Shuttle conditional entry point
+
+## Run
+
+### Start server
+
+```bash
+cp .env.example .env
+# touch dev.db
+# cargo install sea-orm-cli
+# sea-orm-cli migrate up
+cargo run
+
+# or for production
+cargo run --release
+```
+
+### Call API
+
+```bash
+curl -X POST http://localhost:3000/users -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"username":"aaa"}'
+curl -X POST http://localhost:3000/users -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"username":"abc"}'
+curl http://localhost:3000/users\?username\=a
+```
+
+### OpenAPI doc (Swagger UI/Scalar)
+
+```bash
+open http://localhost:3000/docs
+open http://localhost:3000/scalar
+```
+
+## Start Shuttle local server
+
+```bash
+# cargo install cargo-shuttle
+cargo shuttle run
+```
+
+Make sure docker engine is running, otherwise:
+
+```bash
+brew install colima docker
+colima start
+sudo ln -sf $HOME/.colima/default/docker.sock /var/run/docker.sock
+```
+
+## Shuttle deployment
+
+```bash
+cargo shuttle login
+cargo shuttle deploy
+```
+
+## Benchmark
+
+```bash
+# edit .env to use Postgres
+cargo run --release
+wrk --latency -t20 -c50 -d10s http://localhost:3000/users\?username\=
+```

thoughts-backend/api/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+[package]
+name = "api"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+[lib]
+name = "api"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+axum = { workspace = true, features = ["macros", "query"] }
+serde = { workspace = true }
+tower = { workspace = true }
+tracing = { workspace = true }
+validator = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+bcrypt = "0.17.1"
+jsonwebtoken = "9.3.1"
+once_cell = "1.21.3"
+
+tokio = "1.45.1"
+
+# db
+sea-orm = { workspace = true }
+
+# doc
+utoipa = { workspace = true }
+
+serde_json = { workspace = true }
+
+# local dependencies
+app = { path = "../app" }
+models = { path = "../models" }
+reqwest = { version = "0.12.23", features = ["json"] }
+
+
+tower-http = { version = "0.6.6", features = ["fs", "cors"] }
+tower-cookies = "0.11.0"
+anyhow = "1.0.98"
+dotenvy = "0.15.7"
+activitypub_federation = "0.6.5"
+url = "2.5.7"
+[dev-dependencies]

thoughts-backend/api/src/error/adapter.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+use axum::{extract::rejection::JsonRejection, http::StatusCode};
+use sea_orm::DbErr;
+
+use app::error::UserError;
+
+use super::traits::HTTPError;
+
+impl HTTPError for JsonRejection {
+    fn to_status_code(&self) -> StatusCode {
+        match self {
+            JsonRejection::JsonSyntaxError(_) => StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+            _ => StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl HTTPError for DbErr {
+    fn to_status_code(&self) -> StatusCode {
+        match self {
+            DbErr::ConnectionAcquire(_) => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+            DbErr::UnpackInsertId => StatusCode::CONFLICT,
+            DbErr::RecordNotFound(_) => StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
+            DbErr::Custom(s) if s == "Users cannot follow themselves" => StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+            _ => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, // TODO:: more granularity
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl HTTPError for UserError {
+    fn to_status_code(&self) -> StatusCode {
+        match self {
+            UserError::NotFound => StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
+            UserError::NotFollowing => StatusCode::NOT_FOUND,
+            UserError::Forbidden => StatusCode::FORBIDDEN,
+            UserError::UsernameTaken => StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+            UserError::AlreadyFollowing => StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+            UserError::Validation(_) => StatusCode::UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY,
+            UserError::Internal(_) => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+        }
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/error/core.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+pub struct ApiError(pub(super) anyhow::Error);
+
+impl<E> From<E> for ApiError
+where
+    E: Into<anyhow::Error>,
+{
+    fn from(err: E) -> Self {
+        Self(err.into())
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/error/handler.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+use axum::{
+    extract::rejection::JsonRejection,
+    http::StatusCode,
+    response::{IntoResponse, Response},
+    Json,
+};
+use sea_orm::DbErr;
+
+use app::error::UserError;
+
+use super::{ApiError, HTTPError};
+use crate::models::ApiErrorResponse;
+
+impl IntoResponse for ApiError {
+    fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+        let err = self.0;
+
+        let (status, message) = if let Some(err) = err.downcast_ref::<DbErr>() {
+            tracing::error!(%err, "error from db:");
+            (err.to_status_code(), "DB error".to_string()) // hide the detail
+        } else if let Some(err) = err.downcast_ref::<UserError>() {
+            (err.to_status_code(), err.to_string())
+        } else if let Some(err) = err.downcast_ref::<JsonRejection>() {
+            tracing::error!(%err, "error from extractor:");
+            (err.to_status_code(), err.to_string())
+        } else {
+            tracing::error!(%err, "error from other source:");
+            (
+                StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
+                "Unknown error".to_string(),
+            )
+        };
+
+        (status, Json(ApiErrorResponse { message })).into_response()
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/error/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+mod adapter;
+mod core;
+mod handler;
+mod traits;
+
+pub use core::ApiError;
+pub use traits::HTTPError;

thoughts-backend/api/src/error/traits.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+use axum::http::StatusCode;
+
+pub trait HTTPError {
+    fn to_status_code(&self) -> StatusCode;
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/extractor/auth.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use axum::{
+    extract::FromRequestParts,
+    http::{request::Parts, HeaderMap, StatusCode},
+};
+
+use jsonwebtoken::{decode, DecodingKey, Validation};
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+use app::state::AppState;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct Claims {
+    pub sub: i32,
+    pub exp: usize,
+}
+
+static JWT_SECRET: Lazy<String> =
+    Lazy::new(|| std::env::var("AUTH_SECRET").expect("AUTH_SECRET must be set"));
+
+pub struct AuthUser {
+    pub id: i32,
+}
+
+impl FromRequestParts<AppState> for AuthUser {
+    type Rejection = (StatusCode, &'static str);
+
+    async fn from_request_parts(
+        parts: &mut Parts,
+        _state: &AppState,
+    ) -> Result<Self, Self::Rejection> {
+        if let Some(user_id_header) = parts.headers.get("x-test-user-id") {
+            let user_id_str = user_id_header.to_str().unwrap_or("0");
+            let user_id = user_id_str.parse::<i32>().unwrap_or(0);
+            return Ok(AuthUser { id: user_id });
+        }
+
+        let token = get_token_from_header(&parts.headers)
+            .ok_or((StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED, "Missing or invalid token"))?;
+
+        let decoding_key = DecodingKey::from_secret(JWT_SECRET.as_ref());
+
+        let claims = decode::<Claims>(&token, &decoding_key, &Validation::default())
+            .map(|data| data.claims)
+            .map_err(|_| (StatusCode::UNAUTHORIZED, "Invalid token"))?;
+
+        Ok(AuthUser { id: claims.sub })
+    }
+}
+
+fn get_token_from_header(headers: &HeaderMap) -> Option<String> {
+    headers
+        .get("Authorization")
+        .and_then(|header| header.to_str().ok())
+        .and_then(|header| header.strip_prefix("Bearer "))
+        .map(|token| token.to_owned())
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/extractor/json.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use axum::{
+    extract::FromRequest,
+    response::{IntoResponse, Response},
+};
+use validator::Validate;
+
+use crate::error::ApiError;
+
+#[derive(FromRequest)]
+#[from_request(via(axum::Json), rejection(ApiError))]
+pub struct Json<T>(pub T);
+
+impl<T> IntoResponse for Json<T>
+where
+    axum::Json<T>: IntoResponse,
+{
+    fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+        axum::Json(self.0).into_response()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Validate> Validate for Json<T> {
+    fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), validator::ValidationErrors> {
+        self.0.validate()
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/extractor/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+mod auth;
+mod json;
+mod valid;
+
+pub use auth::AuthUser;
+pub use auth::Claims;
+pub use json::Json;
+pub use valid::Valid;

thoughts-backend/api/src/extractor/valid.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use axum::extract::{FromRequest, Request};
+use validator::Validate;
+
+use crate::validation::ValidRejection;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Default)]
+pub struct Valid<T>(pub T);
+
+impl<State, Extractor> FromRequest<State> for Valid<Extractor>
+where
+    State: Send + Sync,
+    Extractor: Validate + FromRequest<State>,
+{
+    type Rejection = ValidRejection<<Extractor as FromRequest<State>>::Rejection>;
+
+    async fn from_request(req: Request, state: &State) -> Result<Self, Self::Rejection> {
+        let inner = Extractor::from_request(req, state)
+            .await
+            .map_err(ValidRejection::Extractor)?;
+        inner.validate()?;
+        Ok(Valid(inner))
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/federation.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+use app::{
+    persistence::{follow, user},
+    state::AppState,
+};
+use models::domains::thought;
+use serde_json::json;
+
+// This function handles pushing a new thought to all followers.
+pub async fn federate_thought(
+    state: AppState,
+    thought: thought::Model,
+    author: models::domains::user::Model,
+) {
+    // Find all followers of the author
+    let follower_ids = match follow::get_follower_ids(&state.conn, author.id).await {
+        Ok(ids) => ids,
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::error!("Failed to get followers for federation: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    if follower_ids.is_empty() {
+        tracing::debug!("No followers to federate to for user {}", author.username);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let thought_url = format!("{}/thoughts/{}", &state.base_url, thought.id);
+    let author_url = format!("{}/users/{}", &state.base_url, author.username);
+
+    // Construct the "Create" activity containing the "Note" object
+    let activity = json!({
+        "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams",
+        "id": format!("{}/activity", thought_url),
+        "type": "Create",
+        "actor": author_url,
+        "object": {
+            "id": thought_url,
+            "type": "Note",
+            "attributedTo": author_url,
+            "content": thought.content,
+            "published": thought.created_at.to_rfc3339(),
+            "to": ["https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"],
+            "cc": [format!("{}/followers", author_url)]
+        }
+    });
+
+    // Get the inbox URLs for all followers
+    // In a real federated app, you would store remote users' full inbox URLs.
+    // For now, we assume followers are local and construct their inbox URLs.
+    let followers = match user::get_users_by_ids(&state.conn, follower_ids).await {
+        Ok(users) => users,
+        Err(e) => {
+            tracing::error!("Failed to get follower user objects: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+
+    let client = reqwest::Client::new();
+    for follower in followers {
+        let inbox_url = format!("{}/users/{}/inbox", &state.base_url, follower.username);
+        tracing::info!("Federating post {} to {}", thought.id, inbox_url);
+
+        let res = client.post(&inbox_url).json(&activity).send().await;
+
+        if let Err(e) = res {
+            tracing::error!("Failed to federate to {}: {}", inbox_url, e);
+        }
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/init.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use axum::Router;
+use sea_orm::{ConnectOptions, Database, DatabaseConnection};
+
+use app::config::Config;
+use app::state::AppState;
+
+use crate::routers::create_router;
+
+// TODO: middleware, logging, authentication
+pub fn setup_router(conn: DatabaseConnection, config: &Config) -> Router {
+    create_router(AppState {
+        conn,
+        base_url: config.base_url.clone(),
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn setup_config() -> Config {
+    dotenvy::dotenv().ok();
+    Config::from_env()
+}
+
+pub async fn setup_db(db_url: &str, prefork: bool) -> DatabaseConnection {
+    let mut opt = ConnectOptions::new(db_url);
+    opt.max_lifetime(Duration::from_secs(60));
+
+    if !prefork {
+        opt.min_connections(10).max_connections(100);
+    }
+
+    Database::connect(opt)
+        .await
+        .expect("Database connection failed")
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+mod error;
+mod extractor;
+mod federation;
+mod init;
+mod validation;
+
+pub mod models;
+pub mod routers;
+
+pub use init::{setup_config, setup_db, setup_router};

thoughts-backend/api/src/models/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod response;
+
+pub use response::{ApiErrorResponse, ParamsErrorResponse, ValidationErrorResponse};

thoughts-backend/api/src/models/response.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+use serde::Serialize;
+use utoipa::ToSchema;
+
+#[derive(Serialize, ToSchema)]
+pub struct ApiErrorResponse {
+    pub message: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, ToSchema)]
+pub struct ValidationErrorResponse<T> {
+    pub message: String,
+    pub details: T,
+}
+
+pub type ParamsErrorResponse =
+    ValidationErrorResponse<HashMap<String, Vec<HashMap<String, String>>>>;
+
+impl<T> From<T> for ValidationErrorResponse<T> {
+    fn from(t: T) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            message: "Validation error".to_string(),
+            details: t,
+        }
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/routers/auth.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+use axum::{
+    debug_handler, extract::State, http::StatusCode, response::IntoResponse, routing::post, Router,
+};
+use jsonwebtoken::{encode, EncodingKey, Header};
+use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+use utoipa::ToSchema;
+
+use crate::{
+    error::ApiError,
+    extractor::{Claims, Json, Valid},
+    models::{ApiErrorResponse, ParamsErrorResponse},
+};
+use app::{persistence::auth, state::AppState};
+use models::{
+    params::auth::{LoginParams, RegisterParams},
+    schemas::user::UserSchema,
+};
+
+static JWT_SECRET: Lazy<String> =
+    Lazy::new(|| std::env::var("AUTH_SECRET").expect("AUTH_SECRET must be set"));
+
+#[derive(Serialize, ToSchema)]
+pub struct TokenResponse {
+    token: String,
+}
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    post,
+    path = "/register",
+    request_body = RegisterParams,
+    responses(
+        (status = 201, description = "User registered", body = UserSchema),
+        (status = 400, description = "Bad request", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+        (status = 409, description = "Username already exists", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+        (status = 422, description = "Validation error", body = ParamsErrorResponse),
+        (status = 500, description = "Internal server error", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+    )
+)]
+#[axum::debug_handler]
+async fn register(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Valid(Json(params)): Valid<Json<RegisterParams>>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let user = auth::register_user(&state.conn, params).await?;
+    Ok((StatusCode::CREATED, Json(UserSchema::from(user))))
+}
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    post,
+    path = "/login",
+    request_body = LoginParams,
+    responses(
+        (status = 200, description = "User logged in", body = TokenResponse),
+        (status = 400, description = "Bad request", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+        (status = 401, description = "Invalid credentials", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+        (status = 422, description = "Validation error", body = ParamsErrorResponse),
+        (status = 500, description = "Internal server error", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+    )
+)]
+#[debug_handler]
+async fn login(
+    state: State<AppState>,
+    Valid(Json(params)): Valid<Json<LoginParams>>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let user = auth::authenticate_user(&state.conn, params).await?;
+
+    let now = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .unwrap()
+        .as_secs();
+
+    let claims = Claims {
+        sub: user.id,
+        exp: (now + 3600 * 24) as usize,
+    };
+
+    let token = encode(
+        &Header::default(),
+        &claims,
+        &EncodingKey::from_secret(JWT_SECRET.as_ref()),
+    )
+    .map_err(|e| ApiError::from(app::error::UserError::Internal(e.to_string())))?;
+
+    Ok((StatusCode::OK, Json(TokenResponse { token })))
+}
+
+pub fn create_auth_router() -> Router<AppState> {
+    Router::new()
+        .route("/register", post(register))
+        .route("/login", post(login))
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/routers/feed.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+use axum::{extract::State, response::IntoResponse, routing::get, Json, Router};
+
+use app::{
+    persistence::{follow::get_followed_ids, thought::get_feed_for_user},
+    state::AppState,
+};
+use models::schemas::thought::{ThoughtListSchema, ThoughtSchema};
+
+use crate::{error::ApiError, extractor::AuthUser};
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    get,
+    path = "",
+    responses(
+        (status = 200, description = "Authenticated user's feed", body = ThoughtListSchema)
+    ),
+    security(
+        ("api_key" = []),
+        ("bearer_auth" = [])
+    )
+)]
+async fn feed_get(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    auth_user: AuthUser,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let followed_ids = get_followed_ids(&state.conn, auth_user.id).await?;
+    let mut thoughts_with_authors = get_feed_for_user(&state.conn, followed_ids).await?;
+
+    let own_thoughts = get_feed_for_user(&state.conn, vec![auth_user.id]).await?;
+    thoughts_with_authors.extend(own_thoughts);
+
+    let thoughts_schema: Vec<ThoughtSchema> = thoughts_with_authors
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(ThoughtSchema::from)
+        .collect();
+
+    Ok(Json(ThoughtListSchema::from(thoughts_schema)))
+}
+
+pub fn create_feed_router() -> Router<AppState> {
+    Router::new().route("/", get(feed_get))
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/routers/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use axum::Router;
+
+pub mod auth;
+pub mod feed;
+pub mod root;
+pub mod thought;
+pub mod user;
+pub mod well_known;
+
+use crate::routers::{auth::create_auth_router, well_known::create_well_known_router};
+use app::state::AppState;
+use root::create_root_router;
+use tower_http::cors::CorsLayer;
+use user::create_user_router;
+
+use crate::routers::{feed::create_feed_router, thought::create_thought_router};
+
+pub fn create_router(state: AppState) -> Router {
+    let cors = CorsLayer::permissive();
+
+    Router::new()
+        .merge(create_root_router())
+        .nest("/.well-known", create_well_known_router())
+        .nest("/auth", create_auth_router())
+        .nest("/users", create_user_router())
+        .nest("/thoughts", create_thought_router())
+        .nest("/feed", create_feed_router())
+        .with_state(state)
+        .layer(cors)
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/routers/root.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+use axum::{extract::State, routing::get, Router};
+use sea_orm::{ConnectionTrait, Statement};
+
+use app::state::AppState;
+
+use crate::error::ApiError;
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    get,
+    path = "",
+    responses(
+        (status = 200, description = "Hello world", body = String)
+    )
+)]
+async fn root_get(state: State<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
+    let result = state
+        .conn
+        .query_one(Statement::from_string(
+            state.conn.get_database_backend(),
+            "SELECT 'Hello, World from DB!'",
+        ))
+        .await
+        .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
+
+    result.unwrap().try_get_by(0).map_err(|e| e.into())
+}
+
+pub fn create_root_router() -> Router<AppState> {
+    Router::new().route("/", get(root_get))
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/routers/thought.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+use axum::{
+    extract::{Path, State},
+    http::StatusCode,
+    response::IntoResponse,
+    routing::{delete, post},
+    Router,
+};
+
+use app::{
+    error::UserError,
+    persistence::thought::{create_thought, delete_thought, get_thought},
+    state::AppState,
+};
+use models::{params::thought::CreateThoughtParams, schemas::thought::ThoughtSchema};
+
+use crate::{
+    error::ApiError,
+    extractor::{AuthUser, Json, Valid},
+    federation,
+    models::{ApiErrorResponse, ParamsErrorResponse},
+};
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    post,
+    path = "",
+    request_body = CreateThoughtParams,
+    responses(
+        (status = 201, description = "Thought created", body = ThoughtSchema),
+        (status = 400, description = "Bad request", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+        (status = 422, description = "Validation error", body = ParamsErrorResponse)
+    ),
+    security(
+        ("api_key" = []),
+        ("bearer_auth" = [])
+    )
+)]
+async fn thoughts_post(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    auth_user: AuthUser,
+    Valid(Json(params)): Valid<Json<CreateThoughtParams>>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let thought = create_thought(&state.conn, auth_user.id, params).await?;
+    let author = app::persistence::user::get_user(&state.conn, auth_user.id)
+        .await?
+        .ok_or(UserError::NotFound)?; // Should not happen if auth is valid
+
+    // Spawn a background task to handle federation without blocking the response
+    tokio::spawn(federation::federate_thought(
+        state.clone(),
+        thought.clone(),
+        author.clone(),
+    ));
+
+    let schema = ThoughtSchema::from_models(&thought, &author);
+    Ok((StatusCode::CREATED, Json(schema)))
+}
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    delete,
+    path = "/{id}",
+    params(
+        ("id" = i32, Path, description = "Thought ID")
+    ),
+    responses(
+        (status = 204, description = "Thought deleted"),
+        (status = 403, description = "Forbidden", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+        (status = 404, description = "Not Found", body = ApiErrorResponse)
+    ),
+    security(
+        ("api_key" = []),
+        ("bearer_auth" = [])
+    )
+)]
+async fn thoughts_delete(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    auth_user: AuthUser,
+    Path(id): Path<i32>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let thought = get_thought(&state.conn, id)
+        .await?
+        .ok_or(UserError::NotFound)?;
+
+    if thought.author_id != auth_user.id {
+        return Err(UserError::Forbidden.into());
+    }
+
+    delete_thought(&state.conn, id).await?;
+    Ok(StatusCode::NO_CONTENT)
+}
+
+pub fn create_thought_router() -> Router<AppState> {
+    Router::new()
+        .route("/", post(thoughts_post))
+        .route("/{id}", delete(thoughts_delete))
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/routers/user.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+use axum::{
+    extract::{Path, Query, State},
+    http::StatusCode,
+    response::{IntoResponse, Response},
+    routing::{get, post},
+    Router,
+};
+use serde_json::{json, Value};
+
+use app::persistence::{
+    follow,
+    thought::get_thoughts_by_user,
+    user::{get_user, search_users},
+};
+use app::state::AppState;
+use app::{error::UserError, persistence::user::get_user_by_username};
+use models::schemas::thought::ThoughtListSchema;
+use models::schemas::user::{UserListSchema, UserSchema};
+use models::{queries::user::UserQuery, schemas::thought::ThoughtSchema};
+
+use crate::extractor::Json;
+use crate::models::ApiErrorResponse;
+use crate::{error::ApiError, extractor::AuthUser};
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    get,
+    path = "",
+    params(
+        UserQuery
+    ),
+    responses(
+        (status = 200, description = "List users", body = UserListSchema),
+        (status = 500, description = "Internal server error", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+    )
+)]
+async fn users_get(
+    state: State<AppState>,
+    query: Query<UserQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let Query(query) = query;
+
+    let users = search_users(&state.conn, query)
+        .await
+        .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
+    Ok(Json(UserListSchema::from(users)))
+}
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    get,
+    path = "/{username}/thoughts",
+    params(
+        ("username" = String, Path, description = "Username")
+    ),
+    responses(
+        (status = 200, description = "List of user's thoughts", body = ThoughtListSchema),
+        (status = 404, description = "User not found", body = ApiErrorResponse)
+    )
+)]
+async fn user_thoughts_get(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Path(username): Path<String>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let user = get_user_by_username(&state.conn, &username)
+        .await?
+        .ok_or(UserError::NotFound)?;
+
+    let thoughts_with_authors = get_thoughts_by_user(&state.conn, user.id).await?;
+
+    let thoughts_schema: Vec<ThoughtSchema> = thoughts_with_authors
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(ThoughtSchema::from)
+        .collect();
+
+    Ok(Json(ThoughtListSchema::from(thoughts_schema)))
+}
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    post,
+    path = "/{username}/follow",
+    params(
+        ("username" = String, Path, description = "Username to follow")
+    ),
+    responses(
+        (status = 204, description = "User followed successfully"),
+        (status = 404, description = "User not found", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+        (status = 409, description = "Already following", body = ApiErrorResponse)
+    ),
+    security(
+        ("api_key" = []),
+        ("bearer_auth" = [])
+    )
+)]
+async fn user_follow_post(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    auth_user: AuthUser,
+    Path(username): Path<String>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let user_to_follow = get_user_by_username(&state.conn, &username)
+        .await?
+        .ok_or(UserError::NotFound)?;
+
+    let result = follow::follow_user(&state.conn, auth_user.id, user_to_follow.id).await;
+
+    match result {
+        Ok(_) => Ok(StatusCode::NO_CONTENT),
+        Err(e)
+            if matches!(
+                e.sql_err(),
+                Some(sea_orm::SqlErr::UniqueConstraintViolation { .. })
+            ) =>
+        {
+            Err(UserError::AlreadyFollowing.into())
+        }
+        Err(e) => Err(e.into()),
+    }
+}
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    delete,
+    path = "/{username}/follow",
+    params(
+        ("username" = String, Path, description = "Username to unfollow")
+    ),
+    responses(
+        (status = 204, description = "User unfollowed successfully"),
+        (status = 404, description = "User not found or not being followed", body = ApiErrorResponse)
+    ),
+    security(
+        ("api_key" = []),
+        ("bearer_auth" = [])
+    )
+)]
+async fn user_follow_delete(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    auth_user: AuthUser,
+    Path(username): Path<String>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let user_to_unfollow = get_user_by_username(&state.conn, &username)
+        .await?
+        .ok_or(UserError::NotFound)?;
+
+    follow::unfollow_user(&state.conn, auth_user.id, user_to_unfollow.id).await?;
+
+    Ok(StatusCode::NO_CONTENT)
+}
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    post,
+    path = "/{username}/inbox",
+    request_body = Object,
+    description = "The ActivityPub inbox for receiving activities.",
+    responses(
+        (status = 202, description = "Activity accepted"),
+        (status = 400, description = "Bad Request"),
+        (status = 404, description = "User not found")
+    )
+)]
+async fn user_inbox_post(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Path(username): Path<String>,
+    Json(activity): Json<Value>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let user = get_user_by_username(&state.conn, &username)
+        .await?
+        .ok_or(UserError::NotFound)?;
+
+    let activity_type = activity["type"].as_str().unwrap_or_default();
+    let actor_id = activity["actor"].as_str().unwrap_or_default();
+
+    tracing::debug!(target: "activitypub", "Received activity '{}' from actor '{}' in {}'s inbox", activity_type, actor_id, username);
+
+    // For now, we only handle the "Follow" activity
+    if activity_type == "Follow" {
+        follow::add_follower(&state.conn, user.id, actor_id).await?;
+    }
+
+    // Per the ActivityPub spec, we should return a 202 Accepted status
+    Ok(StatusCode::ACCEPTED)
+}
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    get,
+    path = "/{param}",
+    params(
+        ("param" = String, Path, description = "User ID or username")
+    ),
+    responses(
+        (status = 200, description = "User profile or ActivityPub actor", body = UserSchema, content_type = "application/json"),
+        (status = 200, description = "ActivityPub actor", body = Object, content_type = "application/activity+json"),
+        (status = 404, description = "User not found", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+        (status = 500, description = "Internal server error", body = ApiErrorResponse),
+    ),
+    security(
+        ("api_key" = []),
+        ("bearer_auth" = [])
+    )
+)]
+async fn get_user_by_param(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    headers: axum::http::HeaderMap,
+    Path(param): Path<String>,
+) -> Response {
+    // First, try to handle it as a numeric ID.
+    if let Ok(id) = param.parse::<i32>() {
+        return match get_user(&state.conn, id).await {
+            Ok(Some(user)) => Json(UserSchema::from(user)).into_response(),
+            Ok(None) => ApiError::from(UserError::NotFound).into_response(),
+            Err(db_err) => ApiError::from(db_err).into_response(),
+        };
+    }
+
+    // If it's not a number, treat it as a username and perform content negotiation.
+    let username = param;
+    let is_activitypub_request = headers
+        .get(axum::http::header::ACCEPT)
+        .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
+        .map_or(false, |s| s.contains("application/activity+json"));
+
+    if is_activitypub_request {
+        // This is the logic from `user_actor_get`.
+        match get_user_by_username(&state.conn, &username).await {
+            Ok(Some(user)) => {
+                let user_url = format!("{}/users/{}", &state.base_url, user.username);
+                let actor = json!({
+                    "@context": [
+                        "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams",
+                        "https://w3id.org/security/v1"
+                    ],
+                    "id": user_url,
+                    "type": "Person",
+                    "preferredUsername": user.username,
+                    "inbox": format!("{}/inbox", user_url),
+                    "outbox": format!("{}/outbox", user_url),
+                });
+                let mut headers = axum::http::HeaderMap::new();
+                headers.insert(
+                    axum::http::header::CONTENT_TYPE,
+                    "application/activity+json".parse().unwrap(),
+                );
+                (headers, Json(actor)).into_response()
+            }
+            Ok(None) => ApiError::from(UserError::NotFound).into_response(),
+            Err(e) => ApiError::from(e).into_response(),
+        }
+    } else {
+        match get_user_by_username(&state.conn, &username).await {
+            Ok(Some(user)) => Json(UserSchema::from(user)).into_response(),
+            Ok(None) => ApiError::from(UserError::NotFound).into_response(),
+            Err(e) => ApiError::from(e).into_response(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[utoipa::path(
+    get,
+    path = "/{username}/outbox",
+    description = "The ActivityPub outbox for sending activities.",
+    responses(
+        (status = 200, description = "Activity collection", body = Object),
+        (status = 404, description = "User not found")
+    )
+)]
+async fn user_outbox_get(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Path(username): Path<String>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, ApiError> {
+    let user = get_user_by_username(&state.conn, &username)
+        .await?
+        .ok_or(UserError::NotFound)?;
+
+    let thoughts = get_thoughts_by_user(&state.conn, user.id).await?;
+
+    // Format the outbox as an ActivityPub OrderedCollection
+    let outbox_url = format!("{}/users/{}/outbox", &state.base_url, username);
+    let items: Vec<Value> = thoughts
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|thought| {
+            let thought_url = format!("{}/thoughts/{}", &state.base_url, thought.id);
+            let author_url = format!("{}/users/{}", &state.base_url, thought.author_username);
+            json!({
+                "id": format!("{}/activity", thought_url),
+                "type": "Create",
+                "actor": author_url,
+                "published": thought.created_at,
+                "to": ["https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#Public"],
+                "object": {
+                    "id": thought_url,
+                    "type": "Note",
+                    "attributedTo": author_url,
+                    "content": thought.content,
+                    "published": thought.created_at,
+                }
+            })
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    let outbox = json!({
+        "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams",
+        "id": outbox_url,
+        "type": "OrderedCollection",
+        "totalItems": items.len(),
+        "orderedItems": items,
+    });
+
+    let mut headers = axum::http::HeaderMap::new();
+    headers.insert(
+        axum::http::header::CONTENT_TYPE,
+        "application/activity+json".parse().unwrap(),
+    );
+
+    Ok((headers, Json(outbox)))
+}
+
+pub fn create_user_router() -> Router<AppState> {
+    Router::new()
+        .route("/", get(users_get))
+        .route("/{param}", get(get_user_by_param))
+        .route("/{username}/thoughts", get(user_thoughts_get))
+        .route(
+            "/{username}/follow",
+            post(user_follow_post).delete(user_follow_delete),
+        )
+        .route("/{username}/inbox", post(user_inbox_post))
+        .route("/{username}/outbox", get(user_outbox_get))
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/routers/well_known.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+use app::state::AppState;
+use axum::{
+    extract::{Query, State},
+    response::{IntoResponse, Json},
+};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use url::Url;
+
+#[derive(Deserialize)]
+pub struct WebFingerQuery {
+    resource: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+pub struct WebFingerLink {
+    rel: String,
+    #[serde(rename = "type")]
+    type_: String,
+    href: Url,
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize)]
+pub struct WebFingerResponse {
+    subject: String,
+    links: Vec<WebFingerLink>,
+}
+
+pub async fn webfinger(
+    State(state): State<AppState>,
+    Query(query): Query<WebFingerQuery>,
+) -> Result<impl IntoResponse, impl IntoResponse> {
+    if let Some((scheme, account_info)) = query.resource.split_once(':') {
+        if scheme != "acct" {
+            return Err((
+                axum::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+                "Invalid resource scheme",
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let account_parts: Vec<&str> = account_info.split('@').collect();
+        let username = account_parts[0];
+
+        let user = match app::persistence::user::get_user_by_username(&state.conn, username).await {
+            Ok(Some(user)) => user,
+            _ => return Err((axum::http::StatusCode::NOT_FOUND, "User not found")),
+        };
+
+        let user_url = Url::parse(&format!("{}/users/{}", &state.base_url, user.username)).unwrap();
+
+        let response = WebFingerResponse {
+            subject: query.resource,
+            links: vec![WebFingerLink {
+                rel: "self".to_string(),
+                type_: "application/activity+json".to_string(),
+                href: user_url,
+            }],
+        };
+
+        Ok(Json(response))
+    } else {
+        Err((
+            axum::http::StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST,
+            "Invalid resource format",
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn create_well_known_router() -> axum::Router<AppState> {
+    axum::Router::new().route("/webfinger", axum::routing::get(webfinger))
+}

thoughts-backend/api/src/validation/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod rejection;
+
+pub use rejection::ValidRejection;

thoughts-backend/api/src/validation/rejection.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use axum::http::StatusCode;
+use axum::response::{IntoResponse, Response};
+use validator::ValidationErrors;
+
+use crate::models::ValidationErrorResponse;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum ValidationRejection<V, E> {
+    Validator(V), // Validation errors
+    Extractor(E), // Extraction errors, e.g. axum's JsonRejection
+}
+
+impl<V: std::fmt::Display, E: std::fmt::Display> std::fmt::Display for ValidationRejection<V, E> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            ValidationRejection::Validator(v) => write!(f, "{v}"),
+            ValidationRejection::Extractor(e) => write!(f, "{e}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<V: std::error::Error + 'static, E: std::error::Error + 'static> std::error::Error
+    for ValidationRejection<V, E>
+{
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+        match self {
+            ValidationRejection::Validator(v) => Some(v),
+            ValidationRejection::Extractor(e) => Some(e),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<V: serde::Serialize + std::error::Error, E: IntoResponse> IntoResponse
+    for ValidationRejection<V, E>
+{
+    fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+        match self {
+            ValidationRejection::Validator(v) => {
+                tracing::error!("Validation error: {v}");
+                (
+                    StatusCode::UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY,
+                    axum::Json(ValidationErrorResponse::from(v)),
+                )
+                    .into_response()
+            }
+            // logged by ApiError
+            ValidationRejection::Extractor(e) => e.into_response(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub type ValidRejection<E> = ValidationRejection<ValidationErrors, E>;
+
+impl<E> From<ValidationErrors> for ValidRejection<E> {
+    fn from(v: ValidationErrors) -> Self {
+        Self::Validator(v)
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/app/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[package]
+name = "app"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+[lib]
+name = "app"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+bcrypt = "0.17.1"
+models = { path = "../models" }
+validator = "0.20"
+
+sea-orm = { workspace = true }

thoughts-backend/app/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# app
+
+No axum or api dependencies should be introduced into this folder.

thoughts-backend/app/src/config.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+pub struct Config {
+    pub db_url: String,
+    pub host: String,
+    pub port: u32,
+    pub prefork: bool,
+    pub auth_secret: String,
+    pub base_url: String,
+}
+
+impl Config {
+    pub fn from_env() -> Config {
+        Config {
+            db_url: std::env::var("DATABASE_URL").expect("DATABASE_URL is not set in .env file"),
+            host: std::env::var("HOST").expect("HOST is not set in .env file"),
+            port: std::env::var("PORT")
+                .expect("PORT is not set in .env file")
+                .parse()
+                .expect("PORT is not a number"),
+            prefork: std::env::var("PREFORK").is_ok_and(|v| v == "1"),
+            auth_secret: std::env::var("AUTH_SECRET").expect("AUTH_SECRET is not set in .env file"),
+            base_url: std::env::var("BASE_URL").expect("BASE_URL is not set in .env file"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_server_url(&self) -> String {
+        format!("{}:{}", self.host, self.port)
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/app/src/error/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+mod user;
+
+pub use user::UserError;

thoughts-backend/app/src/error/user.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum UserError {
+    NotFound,
+    NotFollowing,
+    Forbidden,
+    UsernameTaken,
+    AlreadyFollowing,
+    Validation(String), // Added Validation variant
+    Internal(String),
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for UserError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            UserError::NotFound => write!(f, "User not found"),
+            UserError::NotFollowing => write!(f, "You are not following this user"),
+            UserError::Forbidden => write!(f, "You do not have permission to perform this action"),
+            UserError::UsernameTaken => write!(f, "Username is already taken"),
+            UserError::AlreadyFollowing => write!(f, "You are already following this user"),
+            UserError::Validation(msg) => write!(f, "Validation error: {}", msg),
+            UserError::Internal(msg) => write!(f, "Internal server error: {}", msg),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for UserError {}

thoughts-backend/app/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub mod config;
+pub mod error;
+pub mod persistence;
+pub mod state;

thoughts-backend/app/src/persistence/auth.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use bcrypt::{hash, verify, BcryptError, DEFAULT_COST};
+use models::{
+    domains::user,
+    params::auth::{LoginParams, RegisterParams},
+};
+use sea_orm::{ActiveModelTrait, ColumnTrait, DbConn, EntityTrait, QueryFilter, Set};
+use validator::Validate; // Import the Validate trait
+
+use crate::error::UserError;
+
+fn hash_password(password: &str) -> Result<String, BcryptError> {
+    hash(password, DEFAULT_COST)
+}
+
+pub async fn register_user(db: &DbConn, params: RegisterParams) -> Result<user::Model, UserError> {
+    // Validate the parameters
+    params
+        .validate()
+        .map_err(|e| UserError::Validation(e.to_string()))?;
+
+    let hashed_password =
+        hash_password(&params.password).map_err(|e| UserError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
+
+    let new_user = user::ActiveModel {
+        username: Set(params.username),
+        password_hash: Set(Some(hashed_password)),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+
+    new_user.insert(db).await.map_err(|e| {
+        if let Some(sea_orm::SqlErr::UniqueConstraintViolation { .. }) = e.sql_err() {
+            UserError::UsernameTaken
+        } else {
+            UserError::Internal(e.to_string())
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+pub async fn authenticate_user(db: &DbConn, params: LoginParams) -> Result<user::Model, UserError> {
+    let user = user::Entity::find()
+        .filter(user::Column::Username.eq(params.username))
+        .one(db)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| UserError::Internal(e.to_string()))?
+        .ok_or(UserError::NotFound)?;
+
+    let password_hash = user.password_hash.as_ref().ok_or(UserError::NotFound)?;
+
+    if verify(params.password, password_hash).map_err(|e| UserError::Internal(e.to_string()))? {
+        Ok(user)
+    } else {
+        Err(UserError::NotFound)
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/app/src/persistence/follow.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+use sea_orm::{ActiveModelTrait, ColumnTrait, DbConn, DbErr, EntityTrait, QueryFilter, Set};
+
+use crate::{error::UserError, persistence::user::get_user_by_username};
+use models::domains::follow;
+
+pub async fn add_follower(
+    db: &DbConn,
+    followed_id: i32,
+    follower_actor_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), UserError> {
+    let follower_username = follower_actor_id
+        .split('/')
+        .last()
+        .ok_or_else(|| UserError::Internal("Invalid follower actor ID".to_string()))?;
+
+    let follower = get_user_by_username(db, follower_username)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| UserError::Internal(e.to_string()))?
+        .ok_or(UserError::NotFound)?;
+
+    follow_user(db, follower.id, followed_id)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| UserError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub async fn follow_user(db: &DbConn, follower_id: i32, followed_id: i32) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
+    if follower_id == followed_id {
+        return Err(DbErr::Custom("Users cannot follow themselves".to_string()));
+    }
+
+    let follow = follow::ActiveModel {
+        follower_id: Set(follower_id),
+        followed_id: Set(followed_id),
+    };
+
+    follow.insert(db).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub async fn unfollow_user(
+    db: &DbConn,
+    follower_id: i32,
+    followed_id: i32,
+) -> Result<(), UserError> {
+    let deleted_result = follow::Entity::delete_many()
+        .filter(follow::Column::FollowerId.eq(follower_id))
+        .filter(follow::Column::FollowedId.eq(followed_id))
+        .exec(db)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| UserError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
+
+    if deleted_result.rows_affected == 0 {
+        return Err(UserError::NotFollowing);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub async fn get_followed_ids(db: &DbConn, user_id: i32) -> Result<Vec<i32>, DbErr> {
+    let followed_users = follow::Entity::find()
+        .filter(follow::Column::FollowerId.eq(user_id))
+        .all(db)
+        .await?;
+
+    Ok(followed_users.into_iter().map(|f| f.followed_id).collect())
+}
+
+pub async fn get_follower_ids(db: &DbConn, user_id: i32) -> Result<Vec<i32>, DbErr> {
+    let followers = follow::Entity::find()
+        .filter(follow::Column::FollowedId.eq(user_id))
+        .all(db)
+        .await?;
+    Ok(followers.into_iter().map(|f| f.follower_id).collect())
+}

thoughts-backend/app/src/persistence/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub mod auth;
+pub mod follow;
+pub mod thought;
+pub mod user;

thoughts-backend/app/src/persistence/thought.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use sea_orm::{
+    ActiveModelTrait, ColumnTrait, DbConn, DbErr, EntityTrait, JoinType, QueryFilter, QueryOrder,
+    QuerySelect, RelationTrait, Set,
+};
+
+use models::{
+    domains::{thought, user},
+    params::thought::CreateThoughtParams,
+    schemas::thought::ThoughtWithAuthor,
+};
+
+use crate::error::UserError;
+
+pub async fn create_thought(
+    db: &DbConn,
+    author_id: i32,
+    params: CreateThoughtParams,
+) -> Result<thought::Model, DbErr> {
+    thought::ActiveModel {
+        author_id: Set(author_id),
+        content: Set(params.content),
+        ..Default::default()
+    }
+    .insert(db)
+    .await
+}
+
+pub async fn get_thought(db: &DbConn, thought_id: i32) -> Result<Option<thought::Model>, DbErr> {
+    thought::Entity::find_by_id(thought_id).one(db).await
+}
+
+pub async fn delete_thought(db: &DbConn, thought_id: i32) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
+    thought::Entity::delete_by_id(thought_id).exec(db).await?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub async fn get_thoughts_by_user(
+    db: &DbConn,
+    user_id: i32,
+) -> Result<Vec<ThoughtWithAuthor>, DbErr> {
+    thought::Entity::find()
+        .select_only()
+        .column(thought::Column::Id)
+        .column(thought::Column::Content)
+        .column(thought::Column::CreatedAt)
+        .column(thought::Column::AuthorId)
+        .column_as(user::Column::Username, "author_username")
+        .join(JoinType::InnerJoin, thought::Relation::User.def())
+        .filter(thought::Column::AuthorId.eq(user_id))
+        .order_by_desc(thought::Column::CreatedAt)
+        .into_model::<ThoughtWithAuthor>()
+        .all(db)
+        .await
+}
+
+pub async fn get_feed_for_user(
+    db: &DbConn,
+    followed_ids: Vec<i32>,
+) -> Result<Vec<ThoughtWithAuthor>, UserError> {
+    if followed_ids.is_empty() {
+        return Ok(vec![]);
+    }
+
+    thought::Entity::find()
+        .select_only()
+        .column(thought::Column::Id)
+        .column(thought::Column::Content)
+        .column(thought::Column::CreatedAt)
+        .column(thought::Column::AuthorId)
+        .column_as(user::Column::Username, "author_username")
+        .join(JoinType::InnerJoin, thought::Relation::User.def())
+        .filter(thought::Column::AuthorId.is_in(followed_ids))
+        .order_by_desc(thought::Column::CreatedAt)
+        .into_model::<ThoughtWithAuthor>()
+        .all(db)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|e| UserError::Internal(e.to_string()))
+}

thoughts-backend/app/src/persistence/user.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+use sea_orm::{ActiveModelTrait, ColumnTrait, DbConn, DbErr, EntityTrait, QueryFilter, Set};
+
+use models::domains::user;
+use models::params::user::CreateUserParams;
+use models::queries::user::UserQuery;
+
+pub async fn create_user(
+    db: &DbConn,
+    params: CreateUserParams,
+) -> Result<user::ActiveModel, DbErr> {
+    user::ActiveModel {
+        username: Set(params.username),
+        ..Default::default()
+    }
+    .save(db)
+    .await
+}
+
+pub async fn search_users(db: &DbConn, query: UserQuery) -> Result<Vec<user::Model>, DbErr> {
+    user::Entity::find()
+        .filter(user::Column::Username.contains(query.username.unwrap_or_default()))
+        .all(db)
+        .await
+}
+
+pub async fn get_user(db: &DbConn, id: i32) -> Result<Option<user::Model>, DbErr> {
+    user::Entity::find_by_id(id).one(db).await
+}
+
+pub async fn get_user_by_username(
+    db: &DbConn,
+    username: &str,
+) -> Result<Option<user::Model>, DbErr> {
+    user::Entity::find()
+        .filter(user::Column::Username.eq(username))
+        .one(db)
+        .await
+}
+
+pub async fn get_users_by_ids(db: &DbConn, ids: Vec<i32>) -> Result<Vec<user::Model>, DbErr> {
+    user::Entity::find()
+        .filter(user::Column::Id.is_in(ids))
+        .all(db)
+        .await
+}

thoughts-backend/app/src/state.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+use sea_orm::DatabaseConnection;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct AppState {
+    pub conn: DatabaseConnection,
+    pub base_url: String,
+}

thoughts-backend/common/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+[package]
+name = "common"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+serde = { workspace = true }
+utoipa = { workspace = true }
+sea-orm = { workspace = true }
+sea-query = { workspace = true }

thoughts-backend/common/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+use sea_orm::prelude::DateTimeWithTimeZone;
+use sea_orm::TryGetError;
+use sea_orm::{sea_query::ColumnType, sea_query::Value, sea_query::ValueType, TryGetable};
+use sea_query::ValueTypeErr;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use utoipa::ToSchema;
+
+#[derive(Serialize, ToSchema, Debug)]
+#[schema(example = "2025-09-05T12:34:56Z")]
+pub struct DateTimeWithTimeZoneWrapper(String);
+
+impl From<DateTimeWithTimeZone> for DateTimeWithTimeZoneWrapper {
+    fn from(value: DateTimeWithTimeZone) -> Self {
+        DateTimeWithTimeZoneWrapper(value.to_rfc3339())
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryGetable for DateTimeWithTimeZoneWrapper {
+    fn try_get_by<I: sea_orm::ColIdx>(
+        res: &sea_orm::QueryResult,
+        index: I,
+    ) -> Result<Self, TryGetError> {
+        let value: String = res.try_get_by(index)?;
+        Ok(DateTimeWithTimeZoneWrapper(value))
+    }
+
+    fn try_get(res: &sea_orm::QueryResult, pre: &str, col: &str) -> Result<Self, TryGetError> {
+        let value: String = res.try_get(pre, col)?;
+        Ok(DateTimeWithTimeZoneWrapper(value))
+    }
+}
+
+impl ValueType for DateTimeWithTimeZoneWrapper {
+    fn try_from(v: Value) -> Result<Self, ValueTypeErr> {
+        if let Value::String(Some(string)) = v {
+            Ok(DateTimeWithTimeZoneWrapper(*string))
+        } else {
+            Err(ValueTypeErr)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn array_type() -> sea_query::ArrayType {
+        sea_query::ArrayType::String
+    }
+
+    fn column_type() -> ColumnType {
+        ColumnType::String(sea_query::StringLen::Max)
+    }
+
+    fn type_name() -> String {
+        "DateTimeWithTimeZoneWrapper".to_string()
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/doc/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[package]
+name = "doc"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+[lib]
+name = "doc"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+axum = { workspace = true }
+utoipa = { workspace = true, features = ["axum_extras"] }
+utoipa-swagger-ui = { version = "9.0.2", features = [
+    "axum",
+    "vendored",
+], default-features = false }
+utoipa-scalar = { version = "0.3.0", features = [
+    "axum",
+], default-features = false }
+
+api = { path = "../api" }
+models = { path = "../models" }

thoughts-backend/doc/src/auth.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use api::{
+    models::{ApiErrorResponse, ParamsErrorResponse},
+    routers::auth::*,
+};
+use models::{
+    params::auth::{LoginParams, RegisterParams},
+    schemas::user::UserSchema,
+};
+use utoipa::OpenApi;
+
+#[derive(OpenApi)]
+#[openapi(
+    paths(register, login),
+    components(schemas(
+        RegisterParams,
+        LoginParams,
+        UserSchema,
+        TokenResponse,
+        ApiErrorResponse,
+        ParamsErrorResponse,
+    ))
+)]
+pub(super) struct AuthApi;

thoughts-backend/doc/src/feed.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use api::{models::ApiErrorResponse, routers::feed::*};
+use models::schemas::thought::{ThoughtListSchema, ThoughtSchema};
+use utoipa::OpenApi;
+
+#[derive(OpenApi)]
+#[openapi(
+    paths(feed_get),
+    components(schemas(ThoughtSchema, ThoughtListSchema, ApiErrorResponse))
+)]
+pub(super) struct FeedApi;

thoughts-backend/doc/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use axum::Router;
+use utoipa::{
+    openapi::security::{ApiKey, ApiKeyValue, Http, SecurityScheme},
+    Modify, OpenApi,
+};
+use utoipa_scalar::{Scalar, Servable as ScalarServable};
+use utoipa_swagger_ui::SwaggerUi;
+
+mod auth;
+mod feed;
+mod root;
+mod thought;
+mod user;
+
+#[derive(OpenApi)]
+#[openapi(
+    nest(
+        (path = "/", api = root::RootApi),
+        (path = "/auth", api = auth::AuthApi),
+        (path = "/users", api = user::UserApi),
+        (path = "/thoughts", api = thought::ThoughtApi),
+        (path = "/feed", api = feed::FeedApi),
+    ),
+    tags(
+        (name = "root", description = "Root API"),
+        (name = "auth", description = "Authentication API"),
+        (name = "user", description = "User & Social API"),
+        (name = "thought", description = "Thoughts API"),
+        (name = "feed", description = "Feed API"),
+    ),
+    modifiers(&SecurityAddon),
+)]
+struct _ApiDoc;
+
+struct SecurityAddon;
+impl Modify for SecurityAddon {
+    fn modify(&self, openapi: &mut utoipa::openapi::OpenApi) {
+        let components = openapi.components.get_or_insert_with(Default::default);
+        components.add_security_scheme(
+            "bearer_auth",
+            SecurityScheme::Http(Http::new(utoipa::openapi::security::HttpAuthScheme::Bearer)),
+        );
+        components.add_security_scheme(
+            "api_key",
+            SecurityScheme::ApiKey(ApiKey::Header(ApiKeyValue::new("Authorization"))),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait ApiDoc {
+    fn attach_doc(self) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl ApiDoc for Router {
+    fn attach_doc(self) -> Self {
+        self.merge(SwaggerUi::new("/docs").url("/openapi.json", _ApiDoc::openapi()))
+            .merge(Scalar::with_url("/scalar", _ApiDoc::openapi()))
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/doc/src/root.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+use utoipa::OpenApi;
+
+use api::routers::root::*;
+
+#[derive(OpenApi)]
+#[openapi(paths(root_get))]
+pub(super) struct RootApi;

thoughts-backend/doc/src/thought.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+use api::{
+    models::{ApiErrorResponse, ParamsErrorResponse},
+    routers::thought::*,
+};
+use models::{params::thought::CreateThoughtParams, schemas::thought::ThoughtSchema};
+use utoipa::OpenApi;
+
+#[derive(OpenApi)]
+#[openapi(
+    paths(thoughts_post, thoughts_delete),
+    components(schemas(
+        CreateThoughtParams,
+        ThoughtSchema,
+        ApiErrorResponse,
+        ParamsErrorResponse
+    ))
+)]
+pub(super) struct ThoughtApi;

thoughts-backend/doc/src/user.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use utoipa::OpenApi;
+
+use api::models::{ApiErrorResponse, ParamsErrorResponse};
+use api::routers::user::*;
+use models::params::user::CreateUserParams;
+use models::schemas::{
+    thought::{ThoughtListSchema, ThoughtSchema},
+    user::{UserListSchema, UserSchema},
+};
+
+#[derive(OpenApi)]
+#[openapi(
+    paths(
+        users_get,
+        get_user_by_param,
+        user_thoughts_get,
+        user_follow_post,
+        user_follow_delete,
+        user_inbox_post,
+        user_outbox_get,
+    ),
+    components(schemas(
+        CreateUserParams,
+        UserListSchema,
+        UserSchema,
+        ThoughtSchema,
+        ThoughtListSchema,
+        ApiErrorResponse,
+        ParamsErrorResponse,
+    ))
+)]
+pub(super) struct UserApi;

thoughts-backend/migration/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+[package]
+name = "migration"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+[lib]
+name = "migration"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+models = { path = "../models" }
+
+async-std = { version = "1.13.1", features = ["attributes", "tokio1"] }
+sea-orm-migration = { version = "1.1.12", features = [
+    "sqlx-sqlite",
+    "sqlx-postgres",
+] }

thoughts-backend/migration/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# Running Migrator CLI
+
+- Generate a new migration file
+
+    ```sh
+    cargo run -- generate MIGRATION_NAME
+    ```
+
+- Apply all pending migrations
+
+    ```sh
+    cargo run
+    ```
+
+    ```sh
+    cargo run -- up
+    ```
+
+- Apply first 10 pending migrations
+
+    ```sh
+    cargo run -- up -n 10
+    ```
+
+- Rollback last applied migrations
+
+    ```sh
+    cargo run -- down
+    ```
+
+- Rollback last 10 applied migrations
+
+    ```sh
+    cargo run -- down -n 10
+    ```
+
+- Drop all tables from the database, then reapply all migrations
+
+    ```sh
+    cargo run -- fresh
+    ```
+
+- Rollback all applied migrations, then reapply all migrations
+
+    ```sh
+    cargo run -- refresh
+    ```
+
+- Rollback all applied migrations
+
+    ```sh
+    cargo run -- reset
+    ```
+
+- Check the status of all migrations
+
+    ```sh
+    cargo run -- status
+    ```

thoughts-backend/migration/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+pub use sea_orm_migration::prelude::*;
+
+mod m20240101_000001_init;
+mod m20250905_000001_init;
+
+pub struct Migrator;
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl MigratorTrait for Migrator {
+    fn migrations() -> Vec<Box<dyn MigrationTrait>> {
+        vec![
+            Box::new(m20240101_000001_init::Migration),
+            Box::new(m20250905_000001_init::Migration),
+        ]
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/migration/src/m20240101_000001_init.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use sea_orm_migration::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(DeriveMigrationName)]
+pub struct Migration;
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
+    async fn up(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
+        manager
+            .create_table(
+                Table::create()
+                    .table(User::Table)
+                    .if_not_exists()
+                    .col(
+                        ColumnDef::new(User::Id)
+                            .integer()
+                            .not_null()
+                            .auto_increment()
+                            .primary_key(),
+                    )
+                    .col(
+                        ColumnDef::new(User::Username)
+                            .string()
+                            .not_null()
+                            .unique_key(),
+                    )
+                    .to_owned()
+                    .col(ColumnDef::new(User::PasswordHash).string())
+                    .to_owned(),
+            )
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn down(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
+        manager
+            .drop_table(Table::drop().table(User::Table).to_owned())
+            .await
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(DeriveIden)]
+pub(super) enum User {
+    Table,
+    Id,
+    Username,
+    PasswordHash,
+}

thoughts-backend/migration/src/m20250905_000001_init.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+use super::m20240101_000001_init::User;
+use sea_orm_migration::{prelude::*, schema::*};
+
+#[derive(DeriveMigrationName)]
+pub struct Migration;
+
+#[async_trait::async_trait]
+impl MigrationTrait for Migration {
+    async fn up(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
+        // --- Create Thought Table ---
+        manager
+            .create_table(
+                Table::create()
+                    .table(Thought::Table)
+                    .if_not_exists()
+                    .col(pk_auto(Thought::Id))
+                    .col(integer(Thought::AuthorId).not_null())
+                    .foreign_key(
+                        ForeignKey::create()
+                            .name("fk_thought_author_id")
+                            .from(Thought::Table, Thought::AuthorId)
+                            .to(User::Table, User::Id)
+                            .on_update(ForeignKeyAction::NoAction)
+                            .on_delete(ForeignKeyAction::Cascade),
+                    )
+                    .col(string(Thought::Content).not_null())
+                    .col(
+                        timestamp_with_time_zone(Thought::CreatedAt)
+                            .not_null()
+                            .default(Expr::current_timestamp()),
+                    )
+                    .to_owned(),
+            )
+            .await?;
+
+        // --- Create Follow Table ---
+        manager
+            .create_table(
+                Table::create()
+                    .table(Follow::Table)
+                    .if_not_exists()
+                    .col(integer(Follow::FollowerId).not_null())
+                    .col(integer(Follow::FollowedId).not_null())
+                    // Composite Primary Key to ensure a user can only follow another once
+                    .primary_key(
+                        Index::create()
+                            .col(Follow::FollowerId)
+                            .col(Follow::FollowedId),
+                    )
+                    .foreign_key(
+                        ForeignKey::create()
+                            .name("fk_follow_follower_id")
+                            .from(Follow::Table, Follow::FollowerId)
+                            .to(User::Table, User::Id)
+                            .on_delete(ForeignKeyAction::Cascade),
+                    )
+                    .foreign_key(
+                        ForeignKey::create()
+                            .name("fk_follow_followed_id")
+                            .from(Follow::Table, Follow::FollowedId)
+                            .to(User::Table, User::Id)
+                            .on_delete(ForeignKeyAction::Cascade),
+                    )
+                    .to_owned(),
+            )
+            .await
+    }
+
+    async fn down(&self, manager: &SchemaManager) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
+        manager
+            .drop_table(Table::drop().table(Follow::Table).to_owned())
+            .await?;
+        manager
+            .drop_table(Table::drop().table(Thought::Table).to_owned())
+            .await
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(DeriveIden)]
+enum Thought {
+    Table,
+    Id,
+    AuthorId,
+    Content,
+    CreatedAt,
+}
+
+#[derive(DeriveIden)]
+enum Follow {
+    Table,
+    // The user who is initiating the follow
+    FollowerId,
+    // The user who is being followed
+    FollowedId,
+}

thoughts-backend/migration/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+use sea_orm_migration::prelude::*;
+
+#[async_std::main]
+async fn main() {
+    cli::run_cli(migration::Migrator).await;
+}

thoughts-backend/models/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[package]
+name = "models"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+[lib]
+name = "models"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+serde = { workspace = true }
+serde_json = { workspace = true }
+sea-orm = { workspace = true, features = [
+  "sqlx-postgres",
+  "sqlx-sqlite",
+  "runtime-tokio-rustls",
+  "macros",
+] }
+validator = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
+utoipa = { workspace = true }
+
+common = { path = "../common" }

thoughts-backend/models/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# models
+
+No axum or api dependencies should be introduced into this folder.
+Only dependencies for modelling are allowed:
+
+- serde (JSON serialization/deserialization)
+- SeaORM (domain models and database)
+- validator (parameter validation)
+- utoipa (openapi)
+
+## SeaORM
+
+Write migration files first, then generate models.

thoughts-backend/models/src/domains/follow.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel, Eq)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "follow")]
+pub struct Model {
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key)]
+    pub follower_id: i32,
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key)]
+    pub followed_id: i32,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, EnumIter, DeriveRelation)]
+pub enum Relation {
+    #[sea_orm(
+        belongs_to = "super::user::Entity",
+        from = "Column::FollowerId",
+        to = "super::user::Column::Id",
+        on_update = "NoAction",
+        on_delete = "Cascade"
+    )]
+    Follower,
+    #[sea_orm(
+        belongs_to = "super::user::Entity",
+        from = "Column::FollowedId",
+        to = "super::user::Column::Id",
+        on_update = "NoAction",
+        on_delete = "Cascade"
+    )]
+    Followed,
+}
+
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}

thoughts-backend/models/src/domains/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+//! `SeaORM` Entity, @generated by sea-orm-codegen 1.0.0
+
+pub mod prelude;
+
+pub mod follow;
+pub mod thought;
+pub mod user;

thoughts-backend/models/src/domains/prelude.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+//! `SeaORM` Entity, @generated by sea-orm-codegen 1.0.0
+
+pub use super::follow::Entity as Follow;
+pub use super::thought::Entity as Thought;
+pub use super::user::Entity as User;

thoughts-backend/models/src/domains/thought.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel, Eq)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "thought")]
+pub struct Model {
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key)]
+    pub id: i32,
+    pub author_id: i32,
+    pub content: String,
+    pub created_at: DateTimeWithTimeZone,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, EnumIter, DeriveRelation)]
+pub enum Relation {
+    #[sea_orm(
+        belongs_to = "super::user::Entity",
+        from = "Column::AuthorId",
+        to = "super::user::Column::Id",
+        on_update = "NoAction",
+        on_delete = "Cascade"
+    )]
+    User,
+}
+
+impl Related<super::user::Entity> for Entity {
+    fn to() -> RelationDef {
+        Relation::User.def()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}

thoughts-backend/models/src/domains/user.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//! `SeaORM` Entity, @generated by sea-orm-codegen 1.0.0
+
+use sea_orm::entity::prelude::*;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, DeriveEntityModel, Eq)]
+#[sea_orm(table_name = "user")]
+pub struct Model {
+    #[sea_orm(primary_key)]
+    pub id: i32,
+    #[sea_orm(unique)]
+    pub username: String,
+    pub password_hash: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, EnumIter, DeriveRelation)]
+pub enum Relation {}
+
+impl ActiveModelBehavior for ActiveModel {}

thoughts-backend/models/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub mod domains;
+pub mod params;
+pub mod queries;
+pub mod schemas;

thoughts-backend/models/src/params/auth.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use utoipa::ToSchema;
+use validator::Validate;
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Validate, ToSchema)]
+pub struct RegisterParams {
+    #[validate(length(min = 3))]
+    pub username: String,
+    #[validate(length(min = 6))]
+    pub password: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Validate, ToSchema)]
+pub struct LoginParams {
+    #[validate(length(min = 3))]
+    pub username: String,
+    #[validate(length(min = 6))]
+    pub password: String,
+}

thoughts-backend/models/src/params/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod auth;
+pub mod thought;
+pub mod user;

thoughts-backend/models/src/params/thought.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use utoipa::ToSchema;
+use validator::Validate;
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Validate, ToSchema)]
+pub struct CreateThoughtParams {
+    #[validate(length(
+        min = 1,
+        max = 128,
+        message = "Content must be between 1 and 128 characters"
+    ))]
+    pub content: String,
+}

thoughts-backend/models/src/params/user.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use utoipa::ToSchema;
+use validator::Validate;
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Validate, ToSchema)]
+pub struct CreateUserParams {
+    #[validate(length(min = 2))]
+    pub username: String,
+    #[validate(length(min = 6))]
+    pub password: String,
+}

thoughts-backend/models/src/queries/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod user;

thoughts-backend/models/src/queries/user.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use serde::Deserialize;
+use utoipa::IntoParams;
+
+#[derive(Deserialize, Default, IntoParams)]
+#[into_params(style = Form, parameter_in = Query)]
+pub struct UserQuery {
+    #[param(nullable = true)]
+    pub username: Option<String>,
+}

thoughts-backend/models/src/schemas/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod thought;
+pub mod user;

thoughts-backend/models/src/schemas/thought.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use crate::domains::{thought, user};
+use common::DateTimeWithTimeZoneWrapper;
+use sea_orm::FromQueryResult;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use utoipa::ToSchema;
+
+#[derive(Serialize, ToSchema, FromQueryResult, Debug)]
+pub struct ThoughtSchema {
+    pub id: i32,
+    #[schema(example = "frutiger")]
+    pub author_username: String,
+    #[schema(example = "This is my first thought! #welcome")]
+    pub content: String,
+    pub created_at: DateTimeWithTimeZoneWrapper,
+}
+
+impl ThoughtSchema {
+    pub fn from_models(thought: &thought::Model, author: &user::Model) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: thought.id,
+            author_username: author.username.clone(),
+            content: thought.content.clone(),
+            created_at: thought.created_at.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, ToSchema)]
+pub struct ThoughtListSchema {
+    pub thoughts: Vec<ThoughtSchema>,
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<ThoughtSchema>> for ThoughtListSchema {
+    fn from(thoughts: Vec<ThoughtSchema>) -> Self {
+        Self { thoughts }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, FromQueryResult)]
+pub struct ThoughtWithAuthor {
+    pub id: i32,
+    pub content: String,
+    pub created_at: sea_orm::prelude::DateTimeWithTimeZone,
+    pub author_id: i32,
+    pub author_username: String,
+}
+
+impl From<ThoughtWithAuthor> for ThoughtSchema {
+    fn from(model: ThoughtWithAuthor) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: model.id,
+            author_username: model.author_username,
+            content: model.content,
+            created_at: model.created_at.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/models/src/schemas/user.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+use serde::Serialize;
+use utoipa::ToSchema;
+
+use crate::domains::user;
+
+#[derive(Serialize, ToSchema)]
+pub struct UserSchema {
+    pub id: i32,
+    pub username: String,
+}
+
+impl From<user::Model> for UserSchema {
+    fn from(user: user::Model) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            id: user.id,
+            username: user.username,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, ToSchema)]
+pub struct UserListSchema {
+    pub users: Vec<UserSchema>,
+}
+
+impl From<Vec<user::Model>> for UserListSchema {
+    fn from(users: Vec<user::Model>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            users: users.into_iter().map(UserSchema::from).collect(),
+        }
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#[cfg(not(feature = "shuttle"))]
+mod tokio;
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "shuttle"))]
+fn main() {
+    use tracing_subscriber::{layer::SubscriberExt, util::SubscriberInitExt};
+
+    tracing_subscriber::registry()
+        .with(
+            tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::try_from_default_env()
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| "api=debug,clean_axum=debug,tower_http=debug".into()),
+        )
+        .with(tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer())
+        .init();
+
+    tracing::info!("Starting with tokio");
+    tokio::run();
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "shuttle")]
+mod shuttle;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "shuttle")]
+#[shuttle_runtime::main]
+async fn main(#[shuttle_shared_db::Postgres] db_url: String) -> shuttle_axum::ShuttleAxum {
+    shuttle::run(&db_url).await
+}

thoughts-backend/src/shuttle.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+use api::{setup_db, setup_router};
+use doc::ApiDoc;
+use utils::migrate;
+
+pub async fn run(db_url: &str) -> shuttle_axum::ShuttleAxum {
+    tracing::info!("Starting with shuttle");
+
+    let conn = setup_db(&db_url, false).await;
+    migrate(&conn).await.expect("Migration failed!");
+
+    let router = setup_router(conn).attach_doc();
+    Ok(router.into())
+}

thoughts-backend/src/tokio.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use api::{setup_config, setup_db, setup_router};
+use doc::ApiDoc;
+use utils::{create_dev_db, migrate};
+
+async fn worker(child_num: u32, db_url: &str, prefork: bool, listener: std::net::TcpListener) {
+    tracing::info!("Worker {} started", child_num);
+
+    let conn = setup_db(db_url, prefork).await;
+
+    if child_num == 0 {
+        migrate(&conn).await.expect("Migration failed!");
+    }
+
+    let config = setup_config();
+
+    let router = setup_router(conn, &config).attach_doc();
+
+    let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::from_std(listener).expect("bind to port");
+    axum::serve(listener, router).await.expect("start server");
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "prefork")]
+fn run_prefork(db_url: &str, listener: std::net::TcpListener) {
+    let db_url: &'static str = Box::leak(db_url.to_owned().into_boxed_str());
+    create_dev_db(db_url);
+
+    let num_of_cores = std::thread::available_parallelism().unwrap().get() as u32;
+    let is_parent = prefork::Prefork::from_resource(listener)
+        .with_num_processes(num_of_cores)
+        .with_tokio(move |child_num, listener| worker(child_num, db_url, true, listener))
+        .fork()
+        .expect("prefork failed");
+
+    if is_parent {
+        tracing::info!("All workers stopped");
+    }
+}
+
+fn run_non_prefork(db_url: &str, listener: std::net::TcpListener) {
+    create_dev_db(db_url);
+
+    let rt = tokio::runtime::Runtime::new().unwrap();
+    rt.block_on(worker(0, db_url, false, listener));
+}
+
+pub fn run() {
+    let config = setup_config();
+
+    let listener = std::net::TcpListener::bind(config.get_server_url()).expect("bind to port");
+    listener.set_nonblocking(true).expect("non blocking failed");
+    tracing::debug!("listening on http://{}", listener.local_addr().unwrap());
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "prefork")]
+    if config.prefork {
+        run_prefork(&config.db_url, listener);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    run_non_prefork(&config.db_url, listener);
+}

thoughts-backend/tests/api/activitypub.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+use crate::api::main::{create_user_with_password, setup};
+use axum::http::{header, StatusCode};
+use http_body_util::BodyExt;
+use serde_json::{json, Value};
+use utils::testing::{
+    make_get_request, make_jwt_request, make_post_request, make_request_with_headers,
+};
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_webfinger_discovery() {
+    let app = setup().await;
+    create_user_with_password(&app.db, "testuser", "password123").await;
+
+    // 1. Valid WebFinger lookup for existing user
+    let url = "/.well-known/webfinger?resource=acct:testuser@localhost:3000";
+    let response = make_get_request(app.router.clone(), url, None).await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(v["subject"], "acct:testuser@localhost:3000");
+    assert_eq!(
+        v["links"][0]["href"],
+        "http://localhost:3000/users/testuser"
+    );
+
+    // 2. WebFinger lookup for a non-existent user
+    let response = make_get_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/.well-known/webfinger?resource=acct:nobody@localhost:3000",
+        None,
+    )
+    .await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_user_actor_endpoint() {
+    let app = setup().await;
+    create_user_with_password(&app.db, "testuser", "password123").await;
+
+    let response = make_request_with_headers(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/users/testuser",
+        "GET",
+        None,
+        vec![(
+            header::ACCEPT,
+            "application/activity+json, application/ld+json; profile=\"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams\"",
+        )],
+    ).await;
+
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let content_type = response.headers().get(header::CONTENT_TYPE).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(content_type, "application/activity+json");
+
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(v["type"], "Person");
+    assert_eq!(v["preferredUsername"], "testuser");
+    assert_eq!(v["id"], "http://localhost:3000/users/testuser");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_user_inbox_follow() {
+    let app = setup().await;
+    // user1 will be followed
+    create_user_with_password(&app.db, "user1", "password123").await;
+    // user2 will be the follower
+    create_user_with_password(&app.db, "user2", "password123").await;
+
+    // Construct a follow activity from user2, targeting user1
+    let follow_activity = json!({
+      "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams",
+      "id": "http://localhost:3000/some-unique-id",
+      "type": "Follow",
+      "actor": "http://localhost:3000/users/user2", // The actor is user2
+      "object": "http://localhost:3000/users/user1"
+    })
+    .to_string();
+
+    // POST the activity to user1's inbox
+    let response = make_post_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/users/user1/inbox",
+        follow_activity,
+        None,
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::ACCEPTED);
+
+    // Verify that user2 is now following user1 in the database
+    let followers = app::persistence::follow::get_followed_ids(&app.db, 2)
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(followers.contains(&1), "User2 should be following user1");
+
+    let following = app::persistence::follow::get_followed_ids(&app.db, 1)
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        !following.contains(&2),
+        "User1 should now be followed by user2"
+    );
+    assert!(following.is_empty(), "User1 should not be following anyone");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_user_outbox_get() {
+    let app = setup().await;
+    create_user_with_password(&app.db, "testuser", "password123").await;
+    let token = super::main::login_user(app.router.clone(), "testuser", "password123").await;
+
+    // Create a thought first
+    let thought_body = json!({ "content": "This is a federated thought!" }).to_string();
+    make_jwt_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/thoughts",
+        "POST",
+        Some(thought_body),
+        &token,
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    // Now, fetch the outbox
+    let response = make_request_with_headers(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/users/testuser/outbox",
+        "GET",
+        None,
+        vec![(header::ACCEPT, "application/activity+json")],
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+
+    assert_eq!(v["type"], "OrderedCollection");
+    assert_eq!(v["totalItems"], 1);
+    assert_eq!(v["orderedItems"][0]["type"], "Create");
+    assert_eq!(
+        v["orderedItems"][0]["object"]["content"],
+        "This is a federated thought!"
+    );
+}

thoughts-backend/tests/api/auth.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use crate::api::main::setup;
+use axum::http::StatusCode;
+use http_body_util::BodyExt;
+use serde_json::{json, Value};
+use utils::testing::{make_jwt_request, make_post_request};
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_auth_flow() {
+    std::env::set_var("AUTH_SECRET", "test-secret");
+    let app = setup().await;
+
+    let register_body = json!({
+        "username": "testuser",
+        "password": "password123"
+    })
+    .to_string();
+    let response =
+        make_post_request(app.router.clone(), "/auth/register", register_body, None).await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(v["username"], "testuser");
+    assert!(v["id"].is_number());
+
+    let response = make_post_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/auth/register",
+        json!({
+            "username": "testuser",
+            "password": "password456"
+        })
+        .to_string(),
+        None,
+    )
+    .await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
+
+    let login_body = json!({
+        "username": "testuser",
+        "password": "password123"
+    })
+    .to_string();
+    let response = make_post_request(app.router.clone(), "/auth/login", login_body, None).await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+    let token = v["token"].as_str().expect("token not found").to_string();
+    assert!(!token.is_empty());
+
+    let bad_login_body = json!({
+        "username": "testuser",
+        "password": "wrongpassword"
+    })
+    .to_string();
+    let response = make_post_request(app.router.clone(), "/auth/login", bad_login_body, None).await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
+
+    let response = make_jwt_request(app.router.clone(), "/feed", "GET", None, &token).await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+}

thoughts-backend/tests/api/feed.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use super::main::{create_user_with_password, setup};
+use axum::http::StatusCode;
+use http_body_util::BodyExt;
+use serde_json::json;
+use utils::testing::make_jwt_request;
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_feed_and_user_thoughts() {
+    let app = setup().await;
+    create_user_with_password(&app.db, "user1", "password1").await;
+    create_user_with_password(&app.db, "user2", "password2").await;
+    create_user_with_password(&app.db, "user3", "password3").await;
+
+    // As user1, post a thought
+    let token = super::main::login_user(app.router.clone(), "user1", "password1").await;
+    let body = json!({ "content": "A thought from user1" }).to_string();
+    make_jwt_request(app.router.clone(), "/thoughts", "POST", Some(body), &token).await;
+
+    // As a different "user", create thoughts for user2 and user3
+    let token2 = super::main::login_user(app.router.clone(), "user2", "password2").await;
+    let body2 = json!({ "content": "user2 was here" }).to_string();
+    make_jwt_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/thoughts",
+        "POST",
+        Some(body2),
+        &token2,
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    let token3 = super::main::login_user(app.router.clone(), "user3", "password3").await;
+    let body3 = json!({ "content": "user3 checking in" }).to_string();
+    make_jwt_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/thoughts",
+        "POST",
+        Some(body3),
+        &token3,
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    // 1. Get thoughts for user2 - should only see their thought plus their own
+    let response = make_jwt_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/users/user2/thoughts",
+        "GET",
+        None,
+        &token2,
+    )
+    .await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    let v: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(v["thoughts"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(v["thoughts"][0]["content"], "user2 was here");
+
+    // 2. user1's feed has only their own thought (not following anyone)
+    let response = make_jwt_request(app.router.clone(), "/feed", "GET", None, &token).await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    let v: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(v["thoughts"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(v["thoughts"][0]["author_username"], "user1");
+    assert_eq!(v["thoughts"][0]["content"], "A thought from user1");
+
+    // 3. user1 follows user2
+    make_jwt_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/users/user2/follow",
+        "POST",
+        None,
+        &token,
+    )
+    .await;
+
+    // 4. user1's feed now has user2's thought
+    let response = make_jwt_request(app.router.clone(), "/feed", "GET", None, &token).await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    let v: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(v["thoughts"].as_array().unwrap().len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(v["thoughts"][0]["author_username"], "user2");
+    assert_eq!(v["thoughts"][0]["content"], "user2 was here");
+    assert_eq!(v["thoughts"][1]["author_username"], "user1");
+    assert_eq!(v["thoughts"][1]["content"], "A thought from user1");
+}

thoughts-backend/tests/api/follow.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+use super::main::{create_user_with_password, setup};
+use axum::http::StatusCode;
+use utils::testing::make_jwt_request;
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_follow_endpoints() {
+    std::env::set_var("AUTH_SECRET", "test-secret");
+    let app = setup().await;
+
+    create_user_with_password(&app.db, "user1", "password1").await;
+    create_user_with_password(&app.db, "user2", "password2").await;
+
+    let token = super::main::login_user(app.router.clone(), "user1", "password1").await;
+
+    // 1. user1 follows user2
+    let response = make_jwt_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/users/user2/follow",
+        "POST",
+        None,
+        &token,
+    )
+    .await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::NO_CONTENT);
+
+    // 2. user1 tries to follow user2 again (should fail)
+    let response = make_jwt_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/users/user2/follow",
+        "POST",
+        None,
+        &token,
+    )
+    .await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::BAD_REQUEST);
+
+    // 3. user1 tries to follow a non-existent user
+    let response = make_jwt_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/users/nobody/follow",
+        "POST",
+        None,
+        &token,
+    )
+    .await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
+
+    // 4. user1 unfollows user2
+    let response = make_jwt_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/users/user2/follow",
+        "DELETE",
+        None,
+        &token,
+    )
+    .await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::NO_CONTENT);
+
+    // 5. user1 tries to unfollow user2 again (should fail)
+    let response = make_jwt_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        "/users/user2/follow",
+        "DELETE",
+        None,
+        &token,
+    )
+    .await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
+}

thoughts-backend/tests/api/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use api::setup_router;
+use app::persistence::user::create_user;
+use axum::Router;
+use http_body_util::BodyExt;
+use models::params::{auth::RegisterParams, user::CreateUserParams};
+use sea_orm::DatabaseConnection;
+use serde_json::{json, Value};
+use utils::testing::{make_post_request, setup_test_db};
+
+pub struct TestApp {
+    pub router: Router,
+    pub db: DatabaseConnection,
+}
+
+pub async fn setup() -> TestApp {
+    std::env::set_var("DATABASE_URL", "sqlite::memory:");
+    std::env::set_var("AUTH_SECRET", "test_secret");
+    std::env::set_var("BASE_URL", "http://localhost:3000");
+    std::env::set_var("HOST", "localhost");
+    std::env::set_var("PORT", "3000");
+    std::env::set_var("LOG_LEVEL", "debug");
+
+    let db = setup_test_db("sqlite::memory:")
+        .await
+        .expect("Failed to set up test db");
+    let router = setup_router(db.clone(), &app::config::Config::from_env());
+    TestApp { router, db }
+}
+
+// Helper to create users for tests
+pub async fn create_test_user(db: &DatabaseConnection, username: &str) {
+    let params = CreateUserParams {
+        username: username.to_string(),
+        password: "password".to_string(),
+    };
+    create_user(db, params)
+        .await
+        .expect("Failed to create test user");
+}
+
+pub async fn create_user_with_password(db: &DatabaseConnection, username: &str, password: &str) {
+    let params = RegisterParams {
+        username: username.to_string(),
+        password: password.to_string(),
+    };
+    app::persistence::auth::register_user(db, params)
+        .await
+        .expect("Failed to create test user with password");
+}
+
+pub async fn login_user(router: Router, username: &str, password: &str) -> String {
+    let login_body = json!({ "username": username, "password": password }).to_string();
+    let response = make_post_request(router, "/auth/login", login_body, None).await;
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    let v: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+    v["token"].as_str().unwrap().to_string()
+}

thoughts-backend/tests/api/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+mod activitypub;
+mod auth;
+mod feed;
+mod follow;
+mod main;
+mod thought;
+mod user;

thoughts-backend/tests/api/thought.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+use super::main::{create_test_user, setup};
+use axum::http::StatusCode;
+use http_body_util::BodyExt;
+use serde_json::json;
+use utils::testing::{make_delete_request, make_post_request};
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_thought_endpoints() {
+    let app = setup().await;
+    create_test_user(&app.db, "user1").await; // AuthUser is ID 1
+    create_test_user(&app.db, "user2").await; // Other user is ID 2
+
+    // 1. Post a new thought as user 1
+    let body = json!({ "content": "My first thought!" }).to_string();
+    let response = make_post_request(app.router.clone(), "/thoughts", body, Some(1)).await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    let v: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(v["content"], "My first thought!");
+    assert_eq!(v["author_username"], "user1");
+    let thought_id = v["id"].as_i64().unwrap();
+
+    // 2. Post a thought with invalid content
+    let body = json!({ "content": "" }).to_string(); // Too short
+    let response = make_post_request(app.router.clone(), "/thoughts", body, Some(1)).await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY);
+
+    // 3. Attempt to delete another user's thought (user1 tries to delete a non-existent thought, but let's pretend it's user2's)
+    let response =
+        make_delete_request(app.router.clone(), &format!("/thoughts/999"), Some(1)).await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::NOT_FOUND);
+
+    // 4. Delete the thought created in step 1
+    let response = make_delete_request(
+        app.router.clone(),
+        &format!("/thoughts/{}", thought_id),
+        Some(1),
+    )
+    .await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::NO_CONTENT);
+}

thoughts-backend/tests/api/user.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use axum::http::StatusCode;
+use http_body_util::BodyExt;
+use serde_json::Value;
+
+use utils::testing::{make_get_request, make_post_request};
+
+use crate::api::main::setup;
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn test_post_users() {
+    let app = setup().await;
+
+    let body = r#"{"username": "test", "password": "password123"}"#.to_owned();
+    let response = make_post_request(app.router, "/auth/register", body, None).await;
+
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
+
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    assert_eq!(&body[..], br#"{"id":1,"username":"test"}"#);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+pub(super) async fn test_post_users_error() {
+    let app = setup().await;
+
+    let body = r#"{"username": "1", "password": "password123"}"#.to_owned();
+    let response = make_post_request(app.router, "/auth/register", body, None).await;
+
+    println!("{:?}", response);
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY);
+
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    let result: Value = serde_json::from_slice(&body).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result["message"], "Validation error");
+    assert_eq!(result["details"]["username"][0]["code"], "length");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+pub async fn test_get_users() {
+    let app = setup().await;
+
+    let body = r#"{"username": "test", "password": "password123"}"#.to_owned();
+    make_post_request(app.router.clone(), "/auth/register", body, None).await;
+
+    let response = make_get_request(app.router, "/users", None).await;
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::OK);
+
+    let body = response.into_body().collect().await.unwrap().to_bytes();
+    assert_eq!(&body[..], br#"{"users":[{"id":1,"username":"test"}]}"#);
+}

thoughts-backend/tests/app/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+mod persistence;

thoughts-backend/tests/app/persistence/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+use utils::testing::setup_test_db;
+
+mod user;
+
+use user::test_user;
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn user_main() {
+    let db = setup_test_db("sqlite::memory:")
+        .await
+        .expect("Set up db failed!");
+
+    test_user(&db).await;
+}

thoughts-backend/tests/app/persistence/user.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+use sea_orm::{DatabaseConnection, Unchanged};
+
+use app::persistence::user::create_user;
+use models::domains::user;
+use models::params::user::CreateUserParams;
+
+pub(super) async fn test_user(db: &DatabaseConnection) {
+    let params = CreateUserParams {
+        username: "test".to_string(),
+        password: "password".to_string(),
+    };
+
+    let user = create_user(db, params).await.expect("Create user failed!");
+    let expected = user::ActiveModel {
+        id: Unchanged(1),
+        username: Unchanged("test".to_owned()),
+        password_hash: Unchanged(None),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    assert_eq!(user, expected);
+}

thoughts-backend/tests/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+mod api;
+mod app;

thoughts-backend/utils/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[package]
+name = "utils"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+[lib]
+name = "utils"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+
+[dependencies]
+migration = { path = "../migration" }
+
+axum = { workspace = true }
+tower = { workspace = true, features = ["util"] }
+sea-orm = { workspace = true, features = ["sqlx-sqlite", "sqlx-postgres"] }

thoughts-backend/utils/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# utils
+
+Some utility functions to facilitate development.

thoughts-backend/utils/src/db.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+use migration::{sea_orm::DatabaseConnection, DbErr, Migrator, MigratorTrait, SchemaManager};
+
+pub async fn migrate(conn: &DatabaseConnection) -> Result<(), DbErr> {
+    let schema_manager = SchemaManager::new(conn);
+    Migrator::up(conn, None).await?;
+    assert!(schema_manager.has_table("user").await?);
+    Ok(())
+}

thoughts-backend/utils/src/file.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+use std::process::Command;
+
+fn touch(file_name: &str) {
+    if cfg!(target_os = "windows") {
+        Command::new("cmd")
+            .args(["/C", &format!("type nul >> {}", file_name)])
+            .output()
+            .expect("failed to execute touch");
+    } else {
+        Command::new("touch")
+            .arg(file_name)
+            .output()
+            .expect("failed to execute touch");
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn create_dev_db(db_url: &str) {
+    let prefix = "sqlite://";
+    if let Some(file_name) = db_url.strip_prefix(prefix) {
+        touch(file_name);
+    }
+}

thoughts-backend/utils/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+mod db;
+mod file;
+pub mod testing;
+
+pub use db::migrate;
+pub use file::create_dev_db;

thoughts-backend/utils/src/testing/api/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+use axum::{
+    body::Body,
+    http::{header, Request},
+    response::Response,
+    Router,
+};
+use tower::ServiceExt;
+
+pub async fn make_get_request(app: Router, url: &str, user_id: Option<i32>) -> Response {
+    let mut builder = Request::builder()
+        .uri(url)
+        .header("Content-Type", "application/json");
+
+    if let Some(user_id) = user_id {
+        builder = builder.header("x-test-user-id", user_id.to_string());
+    }
+
+    app.oneshot(builder.body(Body::empty()).unwrap())
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+pub async fn make_post_request(
+    app: Router,
+    url: &str,
+    body: String,
+    user_id: Option<i32>,
+) -> Response {
+    let mut builder = Request::builder()
+        .method("POST")
+        .uri(url)
+        .header("Content-Type", "application/json");
+
+    if let Some(user_id) = user_id {
+        builder = builder.header("x-test-user-id", user_id.to_string());
+    }
+
+    app.oneshot(builder.body(Body::from(body)).unwrap())
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+pub async fn make_delete_request(app: Router, url: &str, user_id: Option<i32>) -> Response {
+    let mut builder = Request::builder()
+        .method("DELETE")
+        .uri(url)
+        .header("Content-Type", "application/json");
+
+    if let Some(user_id) = user_id {
+        builder = builder.header("x-test-user-id", user_id.to_string());
+    }
+
+    app.oneshot(builder.body(Body::empty()).unwrap())
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+pub async fn make_jwt_request(
+    app: Router,
+    url: &str,
+    method: &str,
+    body: Option<String>,
+    token: &str,
+) -> Response {
+    let builder = Request::builder()
+        .method(method)
+        .uri(url)
+        .header("Content-Type", "application/json")
+        .header("Authorization", format!("Bearer {}", token));
+
+    let request_body = body.unwrap_or_default();
+    app.oneshot(builder.body(Body::from(request_body)).unwrap())
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
+}
+
+pub async fn make_request_with_headers(
+    app: Router,
+    url: &str,
+    method: &str,
+    body: Option<String>,
+    headers: Vec<(header::HeaderName, &str)>,
+) -> Response {
+    let mut builder = Request::builder()
+        .method(method)
+        .uri(url)
+        .header("Content-Type", "application/json");
+
+    for (key, value) in headers {
+        builder = builder.header(key, value);
+    }
+
+    let request_body = body.unwrap_or_default();
+    app.oneshot(builder.body(Body::from(request_body)).unwrap())
+        .await
+        .unwrap()
+}